1. Common ENT Disorders

2. Introduction ENT problems are very common 30-50% patients attending GOPD has ENT problems ENT problems could arise from trauma, infections, neoplasia etc Commonly affects quality of life but could be life threatening

3. Common ORL Diseases General – Foreign Body – Trauma Ear – Otitis Media – Cerumen Auris – Hearing Loss Nose – Epistaxis – Rhinosinusitis Throat – Adenoid hyperplasia/Adenoiditis – Tonsillitis/Pharyngotonsillitis – Hoarseness

4. Foreign Body Generally common in children or mentally Challenged Ear – Common objects include seeds, paper, eraser, earring, button batteries, bead Nose – Similar objects Throat – Aspiration – Ingestion

5. Trauma Blunt trauma could result in haematoma collection Lacerations can result from assault, RTA Partial or complete avulsion injuries Acoustic trauma: affects ear drum, middle and inner ear as a result of sudden loud noise

7. lacerationhematoma

8. Otitis External: – Localized – diffuse: Presents with pain, Discharge Causative agent are commonly bacteria but could be fungal

9. Otitis media: Could be acute, subacute or chronic Very common in childhood AOM is a common cause of acute febrile illness in childhood COM presents with chronic discharge and hearing loss Corner stone of management is Antibiotics

10. Otitis Media Inflammation of the middle ear May also involve inflammation of mastoid, petrous apex, and perilabyrinthine air cells Acute OM - rapid onset of signs & sx, < 3 wk course Subacute OM - 3 wks to 3 mos Chronic OM - 3 mos or longer

11. Age Sex Race Day care Seasons Genetics Breast-feeding Smoke exposure Medical conditions

12. Hearing loss Could be congenital or acquired Pre, peri or post lingual Conductive or sensorineural Pre lingual hearing is associated with poor speech and Language development

13. Common nasal problems Nasal Foreign Body: Common in childhood and mentally retarded adults Neglected FB presents with unilateral foul smelling occasionally bloody discharge Misguided attempt removal could result in fatality

14. Rhinitis: Could be infectious or non infectious AR is the commonest cause of non infectious rhinitis Patients present with nasal blockage, sneezing and discharge. Symptoms may be seasonal

15. Epistaxis: Very common Could be due to local or systemic Most epistaxis are trivial but life threatening variant are seen Nasal packing, cautery and arterial ligation are management options

16. Anterior epistaxis

17. Rhinosinusitis Inflammation of nose and paranasal sinuses Could be acute or chronic With or without NP Presents with obstruction, discharge, sneezing, head aches Extension beyond the sinuses can lead to orbital or intra cranial complication

18. Throat Pharyngitis: The pharyngeal mucosa is very sensitive Lymphoid aggregates are seen in the pharynx Pharyngitis can be specific or non specific Adenoids and Tonsillitis are common inflammatory dx affecting the lymphoid aggregates. Treatments: include antibiotics, analgesics and gargle.

19. Acute Tonsillitis