1. 4s-orbital is filled before the 3d sub-shell. However, 4s-electrons are lost before the 3d- electrons. Write the electronic configuration of 1)Fe 2)Fe 2+ 3)Mn 2+ 4)Co 2+ 5)Ag+

2. Module 2, L1-7 mini test on Friday 11 th Nov Quick 10 on redox reactions on Monday 14 th November

3. Ionic bonding L.O.:  Describe ionic bonding as the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.  Draw dot-and-cross diagrams for ionic compounds.  Describe structures with ionic bonding as giant ionic lattices.  Predict ionic charge from an element’s position in the Periodic Table.  State the formulae for the ions NO 3 – ; CO 3 2– ; SO 4 2– ; and NH 4 +.

4. How many electrons are there in the outer main levels of noble gases? Why are the called noble gases? Why are they unreactive?

5. Full outer main level => stability

6. How can sodium attain the electronic structure of a noble gas? How can a chlorine atom attain the electronic structure of a noble gas?

7. SODIUM CHLORIDE Cl SODIUM ATOM 2,8,1 Na CHLORINE ATOM 2,8,7

8. SODIUM CHLORIDE Cl SODIUM ION 2,8 Na CHLORIDE ION 2,8,8 both species now have ‘full’ outer shells; ie they have the electronic configuration of a noble gas +

9. SODIUM CHLORIDE Cl SODIUM ION 2,8 Na CHLORIDE ION 2,8,8 NaNa + + e¯ 2,8,1 2,8 ELECTRON TRANSFERRED Cl + e¯ Cl¯ 2,8,7 2,8,8 +

10. MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE Cl MAGNESIUM ATOM 2,8,2 Mg CHLORINE ATOMS 2,8,7 Cl

11. MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE Cl MAGNESIUM ION 2,8 Mg CHLORIDE IONS 2,8,8 Cl 2+

12. What type of elements are Na and Mg? What type of element is Cl?

13.  Ionic boding occurs between metals and non-metals  Electrons are transferred from metal atoms to non-metal atoms.  Positive and negative ions.

14. Cl - Chloride ion Na + Sodium ion A giant ionic lattice is a three-dimensional structure of oppositely charged ions, held together by strong ionic bonds.

15. GIANT IONIC CRYSTAL LATTICE Each Na + is surrounded by 6 Cl¯ (co-ordination number = 6) and each Cl¯ is surrounded by 6 Na + (co-ordination number = 6). Oppositely charged ions held in a regular 3-dimensional lattice by electrostatic attraction The arrangement of ions in a crystal lattice depends on the relative sizes of the ions

16. GIANT IONIC CRYSTAL LATTICE Each Na + is surrounded by 6 Cl¯ (co-ordination number = 6) and each Cl¯ is surrounded by 6 Na + (co-ordination number = 6). Oppositely charged ions held in a regular 3-dimensional lattice by electrostatic attraction The arrangement of ions in a crystal lattice depends on the relative sizes of the ions

17. Dot-and-cross diagrams of CaO

18. Dot-and-cross diagrams of AIF 3

19. Draw dot-and-cross diagrams to show the ionic bonding in: a) potassium chloride, KCl b) magnesium chloride, MgCl2 c) lithium sulphide, Li 2 S d) sodium sulphide, Na 2 S

20. Predicting ionic charges 1.Groups 1 to 3 usually form 1+ to 3+ ions 2.Groups 5 to 7 usually form 3- to 1- ions 3.Transition metals are DIFFERENT. They can often form many different ions, though often they are 2+ or 3+ 4.BUT Carbon, silicon and beryllium usually don’t form ions

21. Molecular ions Molecules as well as atoms can form ions Important examples include: Ammonium ion (NH 4 + ) Hydroxide (OH - ) Hydrogencarbonate (HCO 3 - ) Phosphate (PO 4 3- ) Think of 3 or more molecules that are charged.