1. CULTURE

2. EDWARD B.TAYLOR
Culture - is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, law, morals, customs and other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society

3. PERSELL
Culture – is all the socially learned behaviors, beliefs, feelings, and values the members of a group or society experiences

4. HORTON and HUNT
Culture – is an elaborate system of standardized expected ways of feeling and acting which the members of society generally acknowledge and generally follow

5. BRINKERSHOFF
Culture- is the total way of life shared by members of a society. It includes material products as well as patterned repetitive ways of thinking, feeling and acting

6. NORMS
Refer to shared rules about acceptable and unacceptable social behavior
These occur in things that people ought to do and ought not to do, governed by rules which society approves

7. VALUES
Are the absolute standards of what society considers as proper and good
May be defined as those standards to which a group or society judges the desirability and importance of persons

8. FOLKWAYS
These are customary ways of thinking, feeling and acting which usually have no particular moral significance
Types of behavior which have become habitual and repetitive to a number of individuals or a group.

9. Example: Folkways centering around such activities as eating, fighting, dressing, marriage, birth, death, art, etc.
Americans- it is natural for them to use their fists,
For Latin Americans, they would resort to the use of knives;
For Filipinos, they call each other names

10. MORES
Customary ways which take on added importance and become compulsive and essential to the well-being of a group
Any individual who does not conform usually suffers

11. Respect for authority, sex and marriage behavior, private ownership of property, division of labor, anti-slavery
Customs which seem to the people as “right” at the time until they are shown otherwise

12. Example:
Ancient Egypt allowed marriage between brothers & sisters among families of royal blood; in modern time its abominable and immoral through the influence of Christianity

13. Pre-colonial Filipinos (primitive);
Women do not cover the body from the waist upwards
In Old China- the practice of foot-binding

14. Laws Is a group expectation which has the formal sanction of the state
The degree of formality implicit in the law is greater than that of folkways or mores.

15. CULTURE CHANGE
Culture is always changing as man adds new techniques to the old, constantly modifying and improving them, discarding what no longer seems useful and acceptable.

16. The changes that occur within the society are brought about by discovery and invention, while the changes originating from outside are a result of culture borrowing.
The principal source of culture change is culture diffusion.

17. Culture Diffusion
Is the spread of a culture pattern from one group of people to another people and from one culture area to another.

18. Culture diffusion results take place either by:
accident- as when a person migrates
Direction – during conquest or assimilation

19. Culture Shock
When people encounter a new culture and they can sense and feel the existence of a culture that is different from their own, they feel lost and confused

20. Cultural Relativism
It is understanding the meaning of the actions of the members of other groups in terms of their motives, values and habits.
The behavior patterns of other people should not be judged in terms of our values and norms, but rather in terms of their particular culture.

21. Views culture as the result of people’s attempt to do what is good for them- each group’s solutions to the task of survival are as valid as those of others.

22. Ethnocentrism
The belief that ones culture is superior to other cultures. It is the belief that one’s own culture represents the only true and good way and, therefore, his own culture is the best.

23. Subcultures
Smaller cultures within a larger one.

24. SOCIETY
Maybe defined as a group of people living in a more or less stable union, pooling their efforts to obtain a common objective by collective action, and feeling that they belong together.

25. Characteristics of Culture
1. Culture is learned- it is not instinctive or innate; it is acquired by the individual through experience

26. 2. Culture is Varied –
All peoples have varied cultures
Human groups of different societies have different cultures; all peoples have their own cultures which vary in numerous ways.

27. 3. Culture is a Group Product- it results from the spontaneous accumulation of man’s experience in living with other humans.
Every generation puts its imprint upon the culture of subsequent one.

28. 4. Culture is Transmitted from Generation- this is effected consciously or unsconciously; orally or in writing, maybe transmitted by suggestion, formal communication, reward or punishment.

29. Man through the medium of language and writing has been able to pass on the elements of culture from one generation to another.
Culture is transmitted and shared resulting from habits of human experiences

30. 5. Culture is Adaptive- culture is continually changing
When man needs anything, he invents ways of getting what he wants or adapts what other men have discovered to meet his needs.

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