1. Elements and Compounds
Science Chapter 3 Grade 6

2. Difference between Element , compound & mixture
Module Objectives
.What is Atom ?
Elements & Compounds
Difference between Element , compound & mixture
Classification of Element
Chemical Pictures
Chemical Symbols
Chemical Symbols -Rules
Molecules and Molecular formula
Valency
Worksheets

3. What IS ATOM ?
Atoms are the smallest bits of ordinary matter and are made from particles called 
1  Protons (which carry a positive electrical charge) 
2  Neutrons (which carry no electrical charge) 
3  Electrons(which carry a negative electrical charge). 
The protons and neutrons cluster together in the central part of the atom, called the nucleus, 
The electrons 'orbit' the nucleus. 
A particular atom will have the same number of protons and electrons .
Most atoms have at least as many neutrons as protons.

4. Elements & COmpounds .

5. Elements & COmpounds
An element is a substance that is made entirely from one type of atom. For example, the element hydrogen is made from atoms containing just one proton and one electron, Block A &C
A compound is a substance made from two or more different elements that have been chemically joined. Some examples of compounds are water (H2O) ,table salt (NaCl). Block B

6. Difference between Element , compound & mixture
Consists of only one kind of atom,
Cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means, and
Can exist as either atoms (e.g. argon) or molecules (e.g., nitrogen).
Compound :
consists of atoms of two or more different elements bound together,
can be broken down into a simpler type of matter (elements) by chemical means (but not by physical means),
has properties that are different from its component elements, and
always contains the same ratio of its component atoms.

7. Continue…
Mixture :
Consists of two or more different elements and/or compounds physically intermingled,
Can be separated into its components by physical means, and
Often retains many of the properties of its components.
Example :
Mercury is a Liquid element .
Silver & gold is solid element , people wear silver and gold chain.
High flying Balloons which has hydrogen filled in.
Water H20 is a Liquid Compound Element
Carbon dioxide is a Gas Compound element.
Salt water is a Mixture , can be separated by evaporation.
Note : As hydrogen is highly inflammable, now a days helium is used in balloons instead of hydrogen

8. Activity 1 -Classification of Element
Copper
Solid
Aluminum
Gold
Silver
Oxygen
Gas
Nitrogen
Mercury
Liquid
Platinum
Magnesium
Manganese

9. Know This
Robert Boyle was the first scientist to use teem elemen
Lavoisier , a french chemist, was the first to give definition of an element . he defined an element as basic from of matter that cannot be broken down into simple substances by any chemical
Lavoisier
Robert Boyle

10. AcTIvity - Burning Sugar
Take Half a spoon of sugar in the test tube and heat it using spirit lamp. What happens
It becomes liquid
Continue heating it becomes Brown
Still continue heating , you will see black residue.
Reheat this residue strongly, does color change ?
No, remain as it is, this Black residue is the element Carbon.

11. Chemical Pictures
It is difficult to mention the names of elements in all situations. There was a need for international method to identify elements . hence scientists have given symbols to denote them.
Simple Pictures used to denote element was started by Greeks and continued by Johan Dalton.
as more element were discovered difficulty arose to remember them.

12. While writing the symbols of element we have to follow certain rules :
Chemical Symbols
A Swedish chemist J .J. berzilius replaced these Pictures by symbols. As his system is good and it is used event today.
While writing the symbols of element we have to follow certain rules :
Rule 1. Generally symbols of element should be represented by first letter of their names.
Hydrogen H
Fluorine F
Nitrogen N
Carbon C
Iodine I
Boron B

13. Chemical Symbols – Rule 2
Difficulty arose then the names of 2 or 3 elements began with the same letter.
Rule 2 if the name of 2 elements begin with the same letter when first 2 letter are taken. the first letter is always written in capital and the second letter should be written small
Carbon and cobalt, both begin with C. then what should be the symbol of cobalt?
Note : There is a lot of difference between Co, the metal cobalt and CO, the deadly gas carbon-monoxide
Aluminum Al
Radium Ra
Silicon Si
Cobolt Co
Bismuth Bi

14. Chemical Symbols – Rule 3
If the First 2 letter of the elements are the same then next prominent letter should be taken.
Ex : Magnesium and Manganese have the first 2 letters the same. In this case symbol of manganese is Mn and Magnesium is Mg.
Cadmium Cd
Chromium Cr
Magnesium Mg
Manganese Mn

15. Chemical Symbols – Rule 4
Symbols of some elements are derived from their Latin origin. while writing symbols using Latin names the same rules are followed.
Copper
Cuprum Cu
Silver
Argentum Ag
Gold
Aurum Au
Mercury
Hydrargyrum Hg
Potassium
Kalium Ka
Iron
Ferrum Fe
Lead
Plumbum Pb

16. Molecules
Molecules form when two or more atoms form chemical bonds with each other. It doesn't matter if the atoms are the same or are different from each other. if the atoms of the same kind combine, a molecules of that element is formed.
H2O (water)
N2 (nitrogen)
O3 (ozone)
CaO (calcium oxide)
C6H12O6 (glucose, a type of sugar)
Single atoms of elements are not molecules. A single oxygen, O, is not a molecule. When oxygen bonds to itself (e.g., O2, O3) or to another element (e.g., carbon dioxide or CO2), molecules are formed.

17. Molecular Formula
An expression which states the number and type of atom present in a molecule of a substance.
Examples:
There are 1 carbon atoms and 2 oxygen atoms CO2
A molecules of water is represented a H2O. here 2 Atoms of hydrogen are attached to 1 atom of oxygen
There are 6 C atoms and 14 H atoms in a hexane molecule , which has molecular formula CH4 .  

18. Valency
The combining power of an atom of an element is referred to as its valency.
Depending upon its valencies an element is called :
Monovalent (Valency 1)
Divalent ( Valency 2)
Trivalent (Valency 3)
Tetravalent ( Valency 4)

19. Molecular Formula Table
Compound
Formula
Constituent element
Valency
Hydrogen Chloride
HCl
Hydrogen =1 Atom
Chlorine=1 Atom
Chlorine =1
Ammonia
NH3
Nitrogen=1 Atom
Hydrogen =3 Atom
Nitrogen =3
Nitric Acid
HNO3
Hydrogen=1 Atom
Oxygen=3 Atom
Hydrogen = 3
Potassium permanganate
KMnO4
Potassium =1 Atom
Manganese =1Atom
Oxygen=4 Atom
Potassium =4
Manganese =4
Sulphuric acid
H2SO4
Hydrogen= 2 Atom
Sulphur =1 Atom
Oxygen =4 Atom
2 Atom
1 Atom
4 Atom

20. Uses of Symbols and Molecular formulae :
The names of the elements and compounds can be denoted in short forms which save time and place while writing
Formula indicates the names of all the elements present in a compound.
The number of atoms present in the compound can be known easily
the proportion or ratio in which atoms combine can be know.

21. Work Sheet
Four Alternatives are given under each complete /incomplete statement. Choose correct answer and put a tick mark against it.
1. The liquid filled in thermometer is
a) Oil b) bromine
c) Mercury c) Spirit
2. The chemical symbol used to represent silver is
a) Ag b) Au
C) Al d) Ar
3. The Chemical symbol of the element having Latin name is
a) Ru b) Np
c) Fe d) Ni

22. Work Sheet
4. It is an example for compound a) Carbon b) Nitrogen gas c) air d) Carbon dioxide 5.The Molecular formula of carbon dioxide is a) CO b) CO2 c) CO3 d) C2O 6 . Potassium permanganate has one atom of potassium , one atom of manganese and four atoms of oxygen : a) KMno b) KMn4o c) K4Mno d) KMnO4

23. Work Sheet
7. Ammonia (NH3) had 3 atom of hydrogen and one atom Nitrogen . What is the valency of nitrogen?
a) 1 b)2
c) d)4
8. One atom of magnesium combines with two chlorine atoms to form Magnesium chloride.
a) Mg2 Cl b) MnCl2
c) MgCl d) Mn2Cl
9.In Methane One atom of carbon combines with four atoms of
a) Hydrogen b) oxygen
c) Nitrogen d) Carbon

24. Work Sheet
Fill in the Blanks with suitable words : 1. Each substance is Made up of . 2. The Greek Used to represent Element. 3.The Method of representing elements by symbols was introduce by __________ . 4.The Latin name of sodium is __________. 5. The elements present in nitric acid are Nitrogen, Hydrogen and _____. 6. The Molecular formula of hydrogen molecule is____. 7. The Smallest particle that has all the properties of an element is called _______ . 8. Complete the following : a.________ + Oxygen ——> Magnesium oxide b. Hydrogen + __________ ———> Water
elements
picture
Berzelius
Natrium
Oxygen H2
Molecule
Magnesium
Oxygen

25. Work Sheet
Match The compounds given in list A with the molecular formulae given in list ‘B”
1. Ammonia a) NaCl
2.Sodium chloride b)CO2
3.Sulphuric acid c) Au
4.Water d)NH3
5.Carbon dioxide e) H2O
6.Gold f) H2so4

26. Work Sheet
Match the Latin names of the following elements : 1. Potassium Aurum 2.Sodium Plumbum 3.Iron Ferrnum 4.Tin Stibium 6.Gold Natrium 7.Lead Argentum 8.Antimony Kalium 9.Silver Stannum

27. Work Sheet
Match the chemical names of the following compound : Column no. 1 Column no NaOH - Copper Sulphate 2.AlCl3 - Magnesium Sulphate 3.Na2CO3 - Nitric Acid 4.CuSO4 - Aluminium Chlorite 6.MgCl2 - Magnesium Chloride 7.HNO3 - Barium Chloride 8.BaCl2 - Sodium Carbonate 9.MgSO4 - Sodium Hydroxide