Objective 4…TAKS 10th and 11th grades Home slide

Objective 4…TAKS 10th and 11th grades Home slide
Questions from TAKS: periodic chart placement Questions from TAKS: balancing equations Questions from TAKS: water properties and solutions Questions from TAKS: physical and chemical change Questions from TAKS: density Interactive non-TAKS quizzes on the internet Link to 10th grade study guide Scroll to p.291 for objective 4 Link to 11th grade study guide Scroll to p.342 for objective 4

Home An interactive periodic chart A complete tutorial of elements
Objective 4 28 questions about chemistry in general Basics and periodic chart An interactive periodic chart A complete tutorial of elements Grades 5 – 8 quizzes questions...10 per quiz...5 grade levels 20 ques. quiz of basic chem 6 ques. matter 25 ques. chemistry of IPC 8 ques. elements, compounds, mixtures Balance equations Balance equations with instant "right or wrong" Harder balancing equations with instant "right or wrong" 5 question quiz over balancing equations Changes: physical or chemical 6 ques. physical/chemical change quiz Powerpoint tutorial physical/chemical changes 8 ques. quiz over physical/chemical changes 10 ques. properties of metals Density, buoyancy, viscosity Density Math --- Click on 'New Problem' ---Have a calculator handy! 10 questions about density reasoning Property of fluids, 8 ques. quiz Water properties 20 difficult water questions. 5 questions Water properties Interactive water molecules/polarity illustrations Solubility 6 ques. Solutions 25 ques. Solubility 12 ques. Solubility factors Electricity and solvents Difficult electronegativity animation Short electrolyte movie pH 25 questions about pH 10 ques. pH and litmus 10 more ques. pH and litmus

periodic chart placement
Home Back to per. chart periodic chart placement

The picture shows a model of the element — A fluorine B helium
Home Back to per. chart If there are 4 electrons and 4 protons, the element’s atomic number is 4. The picture shows a model of the element — A fluorine B helium C beryllium D oxygen 5

The elements from which of the following
Home The elements from which of the following groups are most likely to react with potassium (K)? F Group 2 G Group 7 H Group 13 J Group 17 Back to per. chart Group 1 wants to give an electron to column (group) 17 28

An unidentified element has many of the same physical and chemical properties as magnesium and strontium but has a lower atomic mass than either of these elements. What is the most likely identity of this element? F Sodium G Beryllium H Calcium J Rubidium Home Back to per. chart Mass increases with each lower row. Elements in the same column share the same physical and chemical properties. 4

The elements of which of these groups on the periodic table are most resistant
to forming compounds? A Group 1 B Group 9 C Group 14 D Group 18 Back to per. chart Home These are the noble gases and they don’t like to bond to anything. 37

Elements in Group 16 of the periodic table usually —
F form large molecules G gain electrons when bonding H act like metals J solidify at room temperature Home Back to per. chart These 3 columns gain electrons. They steal electrons. They need electrons. 10

Which of the following groups contains members with similar chemical reactivity?
A Li, Be, C B Be, Mg, Sr C Sc, Y, Zr D C, N, O Home Back to per. chart Elements in the same column have the same properties and reactivity. 3

Home Back to per. chart

According to the periodic table, which element most readily accepts electrons?
A Fluorine B Nitrogen C Arsenic D Aluminum Home Back to per. chart 23

Home Back to per. chart Which of the following salts has the greatest solubility in water at 25°C? F CaCO3 G FeS H HgCl2 J KClO4 Calcium carbonate - insoluble because of rule 3. Iron sulfide - insoluble because of rule 3 Mercury chloride - insoluble because of rule 2. Potassium perchlorate - soluble because of rule 1 50

An unknown silvery powder has a constant
Home Back to per. chart An unknown silvery powder has a constant melting point and does not chemically or physically separate into other substances. The unknown substance can be classified as — A an element B a compound C a mixture D an alloy Compounds can be chemically separated. Mixtures and alloys can be physically separated. 29

Oxygen (O2) is an example of — A an alloy B a molecule C a salt
Home Back to per. chart Oxygen (O2) is an example of — A an alloy B a molecule C a salt D a mixture An alloy is a mixture or solution of two metals. A molecule is two or more atoms bonded covalently together. Usually included in the bonds are C, P and the diatomic elements bonded together. A salt is a an ionic bond between a metal and non-metal. A mixture is two substances together but not bonding together. A compound can be two or more elements bonded together, with ionic or metallic bonds. 9

Home Back to per. chart

balancing equations Go to: Subscripts Go to: Coefficients
Home Go to: Coefficients Go to: Conservation of mass Go to: Conservation of energy balancing equations Balance equations

Home Balance equations According to this information, what is the chemical formula for aluminum sulfate? A AlSO4 B Al2(SO4)3 C Al3(SO4)2 D Al6SO4 23

The chemical formula for calcium chloride is — F Ca2Cl G CaCl H CaCl2
Home The chemical formula for calcium chloride is — F Ca2Cl G CaCl H CaCl2 J Ca2Cl3 Balance equations 38

What are the coefficients that will balance this chemical equation?
Home 2 2 Balance equations 1 1 lead lead 2 oxygens ≠ oxygens What are the coefficients that will balance this chemical equation? A 2, 1, 1 B 3, 4, 2 C 2, 2, 1 D 4, 3, 2 Put a 2 here to make an even number of oxygens. 1 lead lead 2 oxygens ≠ oxygens 2 lead lead 4 oxygens = oxygens 45

When the above equation is balanced, the
Home Balance equations 2 When the above equation is balanced, the coefficient for magnesium chloride is — A 0 B 1 C 2 D 4 25

What is the coefficient for H2O when the equation is balanced? A 1 B 2
Home Balance equations 2 2 2 Then we’ll need to put coffecients on this side of the arrow to finish balancing it out. To make the hydrogens ‘even’, We put the coefficient 2 here. And have a sum of 4 hydrogens, 2 potassiums and 2 oxygens What is the coefficient for H2O when the equation is balanced? A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 19

Home Balance equations

Which chemical equation supports the law of conservation of mass?
F 2H2O(l) H2(g) + O2(g) G Zn(s) + HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) H Al4C3(s) + H2O(l) CH4(g) + Al(OH)3(s) J CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) Home Balance equations 4 hydrogens ≠ 2 hydrogens 2 oxygens oxygens 1 zinc zinc 1 hydrogens ≠ 2 hydrogens 1 chlorine chlorines 4 aluminums aluminum 3 carbons carbon 2 hydrogens ≠ 3 hydrogens 1 oxygen oxygens 1 carbons carbon 4 hydrogens = 4 hydrogens 4 oxygens oxygens 32

4( ) To produce 4 molecules of sugar, a plant needs —
F 6 molecules of hydrogen G 12 molecules of ATP H 18 molecules of water J 24 molecules of carbon dioxide Home Balance equations Multiply the whole reaction by 4. 4( ) 1 10 4 x 6 carbon dioxide

100 g Home Balance equations Reactants → Products The chemical equation shows CaCO3 being heated. Which of these statements best describes the mass of the products if 100 g of CaCO3 is heated? A The difference in the products’ masses is equal to the mass of the CaCO3. B The sum of the products’ masses is less than the mass of the CaCO3. C The mass of each product is equal to the mass of the CaCO3. D The sum of the products’ masses equals the mass of the CaCO3. 29

If all the reactants in a chemical reaction are
Home If all the reactants in a chemical reaction are completely used, which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the reactants and the products? F The products must have a different physical state than the reactants. G The total mass of the reactants must equal the total mass of the products. H The reactants must contain more complex molecules than the products do. J The density of the reactants must equal the density of the products. Balance equations Reactants become Products 2H O  2H2O 20 grams + 10grams = 30 grams 40

When 127 g of copper reacts with 32 g of oxygen gas to form copper (II) oxide, no copper or oxygen is left over. How much copper (II) oxide is produced? F 32 g G 95 g H 127 g J 159 g Home Balance equations = ? 40

According to the law of conservation of mass, how much zinc was present in the zinc carbonate?
A 40 g B 88 g C 104 g D 256 g Home Balance equations = ? – 152 = ? 39

A Energy is given off as heat. B The products absorb available energy.
The energy not stored in the bonds of the carbon dioxide and water must have left in the form of heat. Home Balance equations ≠ = Reactants = Products Why is the sum of the products’ energy in this reaction less than the sum of the reactants’ energy? A Energy is given off as heat. B The products absorb available energy. C Energy is trapped in the reactants. D The reactants’ energy is less than the melting point of glucose. 37

After Before Home The illustrations show a conservation-of-mass
Balance equations The illustrations show a conservation-of-mass experiment. The solution in the beaker lost mass because — F materials have less mass at high temperatures G the mass of the reactants and products was less than 100 g H sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) is lighter than air J some of the water molecules turned into gas Before Some of the water evaporated because of the heat. After( less than 100 g) Before(100 g) REACTANTS →Products The sum of the reactants = the sum of the products. 30

An inventor claims to have created an internal combustion engine that converts 100 kJ of chemical energy from diesel fuel to 140 kJ of mechanical energy. This claim violates the law of conservation of — F momentum G inertia H energy J mass Home Balance equations chemical energy = mechanical energy + heat 48

water properties Go to: Polarity Go to: Solubility of liquids, solid
Back to water water properties Home Go to: Polarity Go to: Solubility of liquids, solid Go to: Solubility of gases in liquids Go to: Electrolytic behaviors of solutions Go to: pH

A The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen B The ability to refract light
Back to water What characteristic of water remains the same no matter what is dissolved in it? A The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen B The ability to refract light C The hydroxide ion concentration D The freezing temperature Home Water is defined as two hydrogens to one oxygen. If there were more or less of these elements, the compound would have a different name and not be water. The bending of light depends on temperature and whether there is any solute in the water. Usually, the amount of OH- and H+ ions are equal in pure water. Water that is not pure, such as with solutes, does not always freeze at 0oC. 41

Which factor makes water an effective solvent?
Back to water Home Which factor makes water an effective solvent? F The presence of molecular oxygen G Its lack of covalent bonds H The polar nature of its molecules J Its abundance on Earth’s surface 24

Back to water Home What is polarity? polarity: a compound’s uneven distribution of electrons.

polarity: a compound’s uneven distribution of electrons.
Back to water Home Polarity acts like magnets. polarity: a compound’s uneven distribution of electrons.

polarity: a compound’s uneven distribution of electrons.
Back to water Home The hydrogens are attracted to the oxygens of another molecule. polarity: a compound’s uneven distribution of electrons.

What does polarity do? Home Causes water to expand when it freezes.
Back to water Home What does polarity do? Causes water to expand when it freezes. ice

Fish survive through severe winters because of the property of water that allows water to —
F form chemical bonds as it freezes, raising the water temperature below the ice G increase in density while it freezes, dissolving more oxygen from the air H expand when it freezes, creating a floating and insulating layer of ice J precipitate vital nutrients when it freezes, increasing the food supply Home Freezing water becomes less dense. The air above the ice may be very, very cold… even - 60oF. But the water beneath the ice is no colder than 33oF. The living things in the very cold water have adaptations for 33oF but may not be able to survive any colder water than that. 26

F dissolve enough oxygen from the air
If the properties of water were to change so that the solid form was denser than the liquid form, organisms living in a cold pond environment would be less likely to survive because water would no longer — F dissolve enough oxygen from the air G produce solutions containing vital nutrients H remain neutral, instead becoming highly acidic J produce a floating insulating layer of ice Home 40

Back to water Salt ions being separated by collisions of water molecules during “dissolving.” Home

What are some solubility tricks?
Back to water Home What are some solubility tricks? Grind large pieces of solute into small pieces, thereby increasing surface area for the water molecules to collide into. Raise the temperature to increase collisions of H2O’s into solute. Stir or shake which increases the collisions. surface area: smaller particles have more surface area compared to one large particle.

Back to water Home surface area: smaller particles have more surface area compared to one large particle.

Back to water Home

F Decreasing the water temperature G Stopping the stirring
A 0.2 g crystal of gypsum dissolves very slowly in 100 mL of water while the water is stirred. Which of these would cause the gypsum to dissolve faster? F Decreasing the water temperature G Stopping the stirring H Lowering the air pressure J Crushing the crystal Home Back to water 10

A decreasing air pressure B stirring the water
All of these can affect the rate at which a solid dissolves in water except — A decreasing air pressure B stirring the water C increasing the temperature of the water D using larger crystals of the solid Home Back to water Air pressure only affects gas solubility. 17

It’s called the ‘bends’.
Back to water Home As a scuba diver goes deeper underwater, the diver must be aware that the increased pressure affects the human body by increasing the — A body’s temperature B amount of dissolved gases in the body C amount of suspended solids in the body D concentration of minerals in the body Going deeper under water, the gasses of the blood become more condensed and “dissolved”. Coming up too fast, is like shaking a can of coke and then opening up. The body doesn’t like it. It’s called the ‘bends’. 9

Home Back to water

Back to water Home

B Exposure to direct sunlight C Increased air currents
Back to water Over time an open soft drink will lose carbonation (dissolved CO2). Which of these allows the CO2 to remain in solution the longest? A Reduced air pressure B Exposure to direct sunlight C Increased air currents D Cooler temperatures Home Carbon dioxide Gas 39

Which bottle will lose it’s
dissolved carbon dioxide to the atmosphere soonest?

How does temperature affect solubility?
Back to water Home How does temperature affect solubility? How does pressure affect solubility? The more pressure (lid on) the better the dissolving of a gas in a liquid. But gases dissolve better at lower temperatures. Usually, the warmer, the better. The table shows temperature and pressure in four containers holding the same amount of water. According to the table, in which container can the most sodium chloride be dissolved in the water? A Q B R C S D T Rule: With solubility of most salts, temperature is more important than pressure. 23

Home Back to water

Back to water Home

In this apparatus, the seawater is an example of a —
Back to water Home The word “BRIGHT” Means the liquid is A strong electrolyte. In this apparatus, the seawater is an example of a — F strong electrolyte G weak acid H nonelectrolyte J strong base 18

Back to water Home

Back to water Salt ions being separated by collisions of water molecules during “dissolving.” Home

Back to water Home

F contains isotopes of hydrogen G has been heated
Back to water Bathwater normally has electrolytic behaviors even though distilled water does not. This is because bathwater — F contains isotopes of hydrogen G has been heated H is separated into H+ and OH– ions J contains dissolved minerals Home Isotopes are elements with different number of neutrons although they have the same number of electrons and protons. Heating water does NOT make the water an electricity carrier. Ions in the water, make water carry electricity. Elements of water are covalently bonded meaning that they resist becoming ions. Some always do, but they do not conduct electricity because they are so attracted to the opposite ion. 24

Back to water Home Sour Slippery

pH indicators Home Litmus paper tells acid or base
Back to water Home pH indicators Litmus paper tells acid or base pH paper tells pH numbers

A certain commercial product used for cleaning ovens must be handled with rubber gloves. The product is slippery and turns litmus paper blue. It probably contains — F an acid G a base H a salt J an isotope Home Back to water 34

A fewer suspended solids B a lower temperature
Back to water Two clear solutions are placed in separate beakers. The first solution has a pH of 4, and the pH of the second solution is unknown. If the two solutions are mixed and the resulting pH is 5, the second solution must have — A fewer suspended solids B a lower temperature C more dissolved salt (NaCl) particles D a higher concentration of OH– ions Home 33

Back to water Home Acid pH 4 Base with some –OH’s

Back to water Home Acid + Base becomes Salt + Water

Back to water Home Many pitcher-plant species grow well in soil with a low pH. Soil pH could be decreased by adding a solution of — A carbonic acid B potassium hydroxide C ammonia D sodium chloride

physical and chemical change
Home physical and chemical change

Which of the following processes is an
example of a physical change associated with an oak tree? A Decomposition of bark by bracket fungi B Starches and sugars being broken down during energy production C Water and carbon dioxide being converted to glucose D Evaporation of water from the surfaces of leaves Home Chemical change Chemical change Chemical change Physical change 31

Which of the following is an example of a chemical change?
Chemical changes: Bonding partners are changed. Milk sugar + proteins → carbon dioxide + water + other chemicals Home Which of the following is an example of a chemical change? F Ice cracking G Sugar dissolving H Milk souring J Lead melting Physical changes: Getting smaller Dissolving Changing phases…solid,liquid,gas 22

Which of these changes in rocks is a physical change?
A Acid rain damaging marble B Iron in rock combining with oxygen to form hematite C Carbonic acid weathering limestone D An ice wedge shattering a slab of shale Home 13

Which process in the rock cycle is most likely responsible for moon rocks being converted to lunar soil? A Metamorphism B Weathering C Sedimentation D Volcanism Home Reheating of rocks. Weathering changes rock to soil on the earth, so it might apply to the moon as well. 7

Which of these describes a pollution-producing
Home Which of these describes a pollution-producing process that involves only a physical change? A Coal with a high sulfur content is burned, producing gases that cause acid rain. B Chlorofluorocarbons are released, changing ozone in the upper atmosphere into oxygen. C Hot wastewater is discharged into a lake, lowering oxygen levels in the water. D Nitrogen oxide emissions combine with water vapor, producing nitric acid. Normal environment Coal + S + Oxygen → CO2 + SO H2O → H2SO4 Hot water is added to a river or lake. Warmed Oxygen O2 bubbles to atmosphere. O3 → O2 + O1 with the Thermal pollution causes a physical change. NO2 + H2O → HNO3 Decrease in dissolved oxygen causes fish kill. 31

F Compression of sediments G Heat loss from lava
In the rock cycle, which of these is a chemical change involved with the formation of igneous rocks? F Compression of sediments G Heat loss from lava H Subduction of plates J Formation of minerals Home May cause a chemical change with pressure. May result from chemical changes. Is the act of elements unbonding and rebonding. May cause a chemical change with heat/friction. 36

Home density

A one-fourth the original density B one-half the original density
A block of maple wood with a volume of 405 cubic centimeters and a density of 0.67 g/cm3 is sawed in half. The density of the two smaller blocks is now — A one-fourth the original density B one-half the original density C two times the original density D the same as the original density Home If all these blocks are maple, they all have the same density. 25

A sample of an element has a volume of 78. 0 mL and a density of 1
A sample of an element has a volume of 78.0 mL and a density of 1.85 g/mL. What is the mass in grams of the sample? Record and bubble in your answer to the nearest tenth on the answer document. Home Density = mass ÷ volume 1.85 = ? ÷ 78 1.85 x 78 = ? 144.3 grams 20

Which procedure is best to use when determining the density of a rock?
F Place the rock in a water-filled beaker and find the height at which the rock floats above the water. G Use a ruler to measure the rock’s dimensions and then find its mass using an analytical balance. H Measure the mass of the rock on a balance and then find the volume of water it displaces in a graduated cylinder. J Place the rock in three liquids with different known densities and observe which liquid the rock floats in. Home 6

Home 161.02 – 22.35 = 139.67 Density = mass / volume
Density = g / 20.1 mL 60.4 – 40.3 = 20.1

Which of the following objects will float on water?
Home Which of the following objects will float on water? 55/50 = greater than 1 45/40 = greater than 1 Density greater than “1” sinks. Density less than “1” floats. 50/45 = greater than 1 60/65 = less than 1 27

What is the mass of a 500.00 mL sample of
Home What is the mass of a mL sample of seawater with a density of g/mL? F g G g H g J g Density = mass ÷ volume 1.025 = ? ÷ 500 500 x = ? 18

Gases have a greater volume than liquids.
Home Gases have a greater volume than liquids. Compared to 250 g of gaseous nitrogen, 250 g of liquid nitrogen has greater — A volume B temperature C mass D density Density is mass / volume Gas N2 Liquid N2 250/big number 250/small number 35

A viscosity of pond water is greater than that of ocean water
Home Density less than ‘1’ floats on water. Density more than ‘1’ sinks in water. 17 Swimmers find that they can float more easily in the ocean than in a freshwater pond. The most likely reason for this phenomenon is that the — A viscosity of pond water is greater than that of ocean water B density of ocean water is higher than that of pond water C temperature of pond water is lower than that of ocean water D mass of ocean water is greater than that of pond water. 17

Home From 1942 to 1945, U.S. nickels were made of an alloy that contained 35% silver, 9.0% manganese, and the rest copper, by mass. If one of these nickels has a mass of 5.0 grams, what is the mass of the copper? A 0.5 g B 1.8 g C 2.2 g D 2.8 g Silver + manganese + copper = 100% Copper = Copper = 56% or 56/100 or .56 ÷ 56 / 100 x 5 grams = 2.8 grams or .56 x 5 = 2.8 23

What is the density at 20°C of 12
What is the density at 20°C of 12.0 milliliters of a liquid that has a mass of 4.05 grams? A g/mL B 2.96 g/mL C 16.1 g/mL D 48.6 g/mL Home Don’t need temp. Density = mass ÷ volume ? = 4.05 g ÷ 12mL 31

This pipette is filled with a 20% NaOH solution
This pipette is filled with a 20% NaOH solution. The solution is at 20°C and has a density of 1.23 g/mL. According to this information, what is the mass of this NaOH solution? A 3.88 g B 15.7 g C 23.9 g D 24.6 g Home D = m ÷ V D x V = m 1.23 x amount in graduated cylinder = mass 27

Objective 4…TAKS 10th and 11th grades Home slide

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