1. 17 th Century Society and Culture

2. Population trends Population of Europe went through major demographic shifts during the 16 th century. Population rose slowly due to high death rates (only 50% of children reached adulthood. Thirty Years War killed over 5 million. Famine and plague were reoccuring through mid-century.

3. Social Status Social status was depended on birth (nobility), education (professionals), and wealth (merchants) Wealth was gaining larger status due to the growing middle class and their ability to use their wealth to gain political power Limited social mobility was possible mainly due to wealth.

4. Status of Women At all levels women were subordinate to legal system (legal cases for rape had to be brought to court by a man) Most women were denied the right to own property or run a business However, women were making strides by owning and operating more businesses and trades than they had previously.

5. Peasants Increased wealth did not help the plight of peasants. Increased taxes and inflation hurt them the most. Famine, plague and war hit this segment of society the hardest. Only relief came from enlistment in an army or moving to a city, each had its own hardships

6. Crime and Punishment Crime was the only alternative for many of the poor. In a age before modern police forces, crime became a major urban concern. Punishment was severe; torture was acceptable.

7. Life in the Villages Village life was changing with large numbers of peasants moving to cities, the growing wealth of some over others, and the intrusion of central governments. Local lords (who had often defended villagers rights) began to look more and more to the opportunities given at the royal court.

8. Life in Cities Urban life was fragmented, disorganized, and un-personal. Cities offered the opportunity to be employed in a trade or new merchant-based opportunity. Literacy levels in the cities were much higher than in rural areas, leading to the rise in newspapers and books.

9. Belief in Magic and Witchcraft In this age of chaos, magic and unknown mystical forces had a strong pull on people’s lives. Witchcraft was strongly blamed and persecuted. “Great Witch Craze” swept Europe in the 16 th and 17 th centuries. These began to subside at the end of the 17 th century.

10. Charivari During times of trouble, rituals and holidays brought reassurance to the people. Practices like charivari or “rough music” were an outlet for the fears and frustrations of the people. Through role-playing a “world turned upside-down,” the community expresses solidarity in hard times.

11. The Arts - The Baroque Grew out of Renaissance influences in classicism It was more exuberant, passionate, and flamboyant. Baroque used in the backdrop of the Catholic Reformation; used at “propaganda” for the church

12. Michelangelo Caravaggio First of the baroque artists. Inspired by the works of Da Vinci and Michelangelo.

13. Caravaggio – St. Jerome

14. Giovanni Bernini Architect and sculptor. In 1629, he became architect of St. Peter’s, designing the bronze canopy and the colonnade in the piazza

15. Bernini – The Ecstasy of St. Teresa

16. Peter Paul Rubens Flemish painter who studied in Italy but worked mostly in his native Antwerp. Prolific painter who painted mythology, landscapes, religious, and everyday works.

17. Rubens - Cimone and Efigenia

18. Rembrandt Van Rijn Dutch painter of the Protestant Baroque. Greatest painter of the 17 th century Famous for portraits and Biblical scenes.

19. Rembrandt – Belshazzar’s Feast

20. Rembrandt – The Anatomy Lecture

21. Diego Velázquez Court Painter for the Spanish royalty. Known for portraits of the royal family of King Philip IV

22. Velázquez - Prince Baltasar Carlos with a Dwarf.

23. Artemisia Gentileschi Student of Caravaggio, in a time when women were allowed only to assist master artists she became famous in her own right. A rape at a young age by a family friend deeply affected her, leading to often violent themes towards men.

24. Gentileschi – Judith Beheading Holofernes

25. Classicism - Nicolas Poussin French painter who evolved from baroque toward classicism. Famous for his landscapes and classically based paintings

27. 17 th Century Music Claudio Montiverdi – Transition between Renaissance and Baroque music – First Opera; Orfeo – Begins move from polyphonic to monody (melody) in music. Johann Sebastian Bach – Baroque composer and organist George Frederich Handel – Baroque opera Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart – Classical, 600 compositions Franz Joseph Hayden – Classical, 80 sting quartets

28. 17 th Century Literature Miguel Cervantes – Don Quixote; greatest Spanish writer William Shakespeare – Playwright; greatest English writer; “invention of the human.” John Milton – Purtian; Epic poetry - Paradise Lost Jean Racine – Classical French dramatist; one of the "big three" of 17th century France (along with Molière and Corneille)

29. Origins of the New Science Basis of the Scientific Revolution: 1. Conflicting classical sources (Aristotle, Ptolemy, Galen) 2. Examination / focus of Renaissance artists on nature 3. Development of technical skills 4. Use of mathematics to understand nature

30. Forces influencing science 1. Aristotelian Philosophy: provided a starting point – Matter made of four elements (earth, wind, water and fire) 2. Neo-Platonism: revival of Platonic philosophy – emphasis on mathematics 3. Mystical / alchemy: metaphysical (spiritual / moral) explanation of the world – Paracelsus: doctor / alchemist who believed that disease could be diagnosed and treated with ingested medicine 4. Natural Philosophy: attempt to explain the natural world

31. Characteristics of the Scientific Revolution Europeans began to challenge classical thought Materialistic: all matter made up of the same material & subject to the same laws Mathematical: use calculation to replace common sense – measurable, repeatable phenomena – People began to understand the mathematical nature of the universe Science boils down to the mathematical relationship Development of scientific institutions began; Labs, universities, journals, language, careers

32. Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) Polish monk, mathematican and astronomer. Presented first serious challenge to Ptolemy’s geocentric universe. In On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres he proposed heliocentric theory Avoided persecution through death

33. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) Built Europe’s first modern astronomical laboratory Discovered a supernova and comet. Believed all other planets revolved around the sun while the earth remained stationary.

34. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Supported Heliocentric and states that revolutions are elliptical (German) – Developed a mathematical formula as proof – Developed three laws of planetary motion

35. Laws of Planetary Motion 1. All planets revolve around he sun in elliptical orbits. 2. The velocity of the planet varies according to its distance from the sun (closer = faster, further = slower) 3. set out mathematical formula to explain the physical relationship among the moving planets and the sun.

36. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Asserted that planets are made of roughly same material as the Earth Wrote The Starry Messenger (1610) A Dialog Between the Two Great Systems of the World (1632) Challenged biblical view of the heavens

37. Galileo and the Church In 1632, Brought before the Roman Inquisition for teaching “Copernicanism” Church was prepared to tolerate hypothesis (not fact). Galileo forced to recant. Tried and found guilty of heresy, house arrest; Dialogue was placed on the Index of Forbidden Books

38. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Used experimental philosophy = physics Start with the natural world and then try to explain it Natural philosophy began with an idea and applied it to nature Used math to create models based on nature - used formulas Expressed observations in numeric language Math was a precise language that allowed for replication, collaboration and the creation of new knowledge Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) (1687)

39. Laws of Universal Gravitation 1. Law of motion - every object is at rest or motion and continues until some force affects the object 2. Rate of change of motion is in proportion to the force which affects the object 3. To every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction

40. Discoveries in Anatomy Andreas Vesalius: – Galen (Classical source) established classical beliefs regarding anatomy and physiology. More accurate anatomical sketches William Harvey: – Blood circulates throughout the body in a continuous loop – Previously believed that there were two circulation systems – Heart as a pump

41. Discoveries in Chemistry Robert Boyle – supported atomic view of matter - chemistry – Boyle's Law: relationship between pressure and gas – Promoted the use to experimental technology

42. The Scientific Method Use of observation and data collection to prove or disprove a hypothesis had been used by various researchers for centuries (especially the Arabs) Scientists such as Copernicus and Galileo revive the use of these techniques in Europe. Later scientists build upon their methods toward a more codified scientific method.

43. Francis Bacon Challenged Aristotle’s reliance on deductive reasoning. codification of the Scientific Method (inductive empirical experimentalism) The Advancement of Learning (1605)

44. Rene Descartes Jesuit education; Schooled in Aristotelian philosophy Disagreed with the basis of Aristotelian philosophy Embraced Skepticism (people who use doubt as the basis of knowledge) Rejected absolute construct of knowledge, knowledge based on probability Constructed knowledge based on doubt, but reaffirmed the value of deductive reasoning. Used "proofs" to support philosophical learning Could only accept that which you could prove – "I think, therefore I am"

45. Rene Descartes Cartesian dualism: Mind and matter are separate, so to is the physical world from intellectual constructs (basis for science) – Example: Ontological proof of god: – One could only accept God if you could prove it exists – Descartes knew that he was not perfect – Only a perfect individual could place that concept in ones mind – Therefore perfection must exist – What is perfection, existence without limits = God – proof for God based upon doubt, if you doubt it then it must exist at some level Contrast it to Aristotelian proof: Causality believed that humans could more completely understand their world by using abstract principles Believed in that nature operated based on a Mechanical set of laws

46. Blaise Pascal Scientist who studied probability and mathematics. He had concerns about science’s influence on faith. Wrote Pensees, reflections on faith and science.

47. Scientific Societies As the importance of science grew, scientific societies formed to promote research and share knowledge. Many had gov’t connections and support: reflecting the growing influence of central governments, Rome (1603), Florence (1657), England (Royal Society, 1662), France (French Academy, 1666), Prussia (Berlin Academy, 1701)

48. Conclusion Despite the difficult and turbulent times of the early and middle 17 th century, most Europeans had reason to hope for better things by century’s end Population was on the rebound; science was conquering the natural world; stable and powerful national governments were in place. Despite this, the problems poverty and dislocation for the majority of Europe’s peasants would continue into the next century.