1. Medieval Europe
Feudalism

2. Charlemagne Takes Center Stage
built an empire greater than any known since ancient Rome

3. Charlemagne Takes Center Stage
built an empire greater than any known since ancient Rome
reunited western Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire

4. see page 321

5. Charlemagne Takes Center Stage
Government
limited the authority of nobles
regularly visited every part of his kingdom

6. Charlemagne Takes Center Stage
Emperor of the Romans
800 - Pope Leo III crowned him emperor - the first European king to claim the title

7. Charlemagne Takes Center Stage
Education & Learning
ordered monasteries to open schools that trained future monks and priests

8. Charlemagne Takes Center Stage
Record Keeping
monks helped to make handwritten copies of Latin books

9. What is Feudalism?
a system of governing and landholding based on land for loyalty
military protection = a land grant (fief)

10. The Feudal Social Structure
King
consolidated his power by providing land grants (fiefs) in exchange for loyalty
King

11. The Feudal Social Structure
King
consolidated his power by providing land grants (fiefs) in exchange for loyalty
King
Nobles
wealthy landowners who pledged their loyalty to the king
Nobles

12. The Feudal Social Structure
King
consolidated his power by providing land grants (fiefs) in exchange for loyalty
King
Nobles
wealthy landowners who pledged their loyalty to the king
Church Officials
bishops and cardinals who were often of noble birth
Church
Officials
Nobles

13. The Feudal Social Structure
King
consolidated his power by providing land grants (fiefs) in exchange for loyalty
King
Nobles
wealthy landowners who pledged their loyalty to the king
Church Officials
bishops and cardinals who were often of noble birth
Church
Officials
Nobles
Knights
warriors who pledged to defend their lords’ lands in exchange for fiefs
Knights

14. The Feudal Social Structure
King
consolidated his power by providing land grants (fiefs) in exchange for loyalty
King
Nobles
wealthy landowners who pledged their loyalty to the king
Church Officials
bishops and cardinals who were often of noble birth
Church
Officials
Nobles
Knights
warriors who pledged to defend their lords’ lands in exchange for fiefs
Knights
Peasants
vast majority of people, toiled in the fields, known as serfs (people who could not lawfully leave the place where they were born)
Peasants

15. The World of Warriors
knighthood training began at age 7

16. The World of Warriors knighthood training began at age 7
continued until 21

17. The World of Warriors knighthood training began at age 7
continued until 21
knights were vassals who pledged service and loyalty to a lord

18. The Code of Chivalry:
brave, loyal and true to one’s word

19. The Code of Chivalry: brave, loyal and true to one’s word
fight fairly and be generous to one’s enemies

20. The Code of Chivalry: brave, loyal and true to one’s word
fight fairly and be generous to one’s enemies
treat captured knights well/release for ransom

21. The Code of Chivalry: brave, loyal and true to one’s word
fight fairly and be generous to one’s enemies
treat captured knights well/release for ransom
protect and cherish women

22. Comparing Chivalry

23. What is Manorialism? the economic system of the Middle Ages
based on self-sufficiency

24. A Self Contained World:
Peasants didn’t travel more than 25 miles from the manor

25. A Self Contained World:
Peasants didn’t travel more than 25 miles from the manor
Lord’s manor house, a church, workshops

26. A Self Contained World:
Peasants didn’t travel more than 25 miles from the manor
Lord’s manor house, a church, workshops
15-30 families lived in the village

27. A Self Contained World:
Peasants didn’t travel more than 25 miles from the manor
Lord’s manor house, a church, workshops
15-30 families lived in village
Serfs (peasants) produced all they needed (self-sufficient)
crops, fuel, cloth, leather goods, lumber, etc.

28. The Harshness of Manor Life:
tax on all grain ground in the lord’s mill

29. The Harshness of Manor Life:
tax on all grain ground in the lord’s mill
marriage tax
marriage needed lords consent

30. The Harshness of Manor Life:
tax on all grain ground in the lord’s mill
marriage tax
marriage needed lords consent
Church tax
tithe = 1/10 of income

31. The Harshness of Manor Life:
tax on all grain ground in the lord’s mill
marriage tax
marriage needed lords consent
Church tax
tithe = 1/10 of income
crowded and dirty living conditions

32. The Harshness of Manor Life:
tax on all grain ground in the lord’s mill
marriage tax
marriage needed lords consent
Church tax
tithe = 1/10 of income
crowded and dirty living conditions
poor diet and health

33. The Three Field System
Based on rotating crops from a two-field system to three

35. The Three Field System
Based on rotating crops from a two-field system to three
increased yields of food production
Allows for more variety of crops to be planted

36. The Three Field System
Based on rotating crops from a two-field system to three
increased yields of food production
Allows for more variety of crops to be planted
improves the diet and health of people

37. The Three Field System
Based on rotating crops from a two-field system to three
increased yields of food production
Allows for more variety of crops to be planted
improves the diet and health of people and fuels a population increase

38. The Church Scope and Authority of the Church
held spiritual power and some political power
the right to sanctify (pick) a monarch

39. The Church Religion as a unifying Force
shared beliefs and teaching bond people together
stable force = security and community

40. The Church Church Structure different ranks of clergy
Pope, bishops, cardinals, priests

41. The Church Church Justice
cannon law = marriage and religious practices
Excommunication = kicked out of church and denial of salvation

42. Centers of Learning monks and nuns were better educated
preserved the writings of the ancient world the Greek, Roman, and Byzantine classics

43. The Crusades What were the Crusades? Seljuk Turks threatened Byzantium
1093, Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus asked Pope Urban II in Rome for help
1095, Council of Clermont calls for a crusade to recapture Jerusalem

44. 1076 Seljuk Turks captured Jerusalem and began to restrict access of Christian pilgrims to the holy places.
1095 Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus, threatened by Muslim advances towards Constantinople, appealed to the pope for help against the Seljuk Turks. Pope Urban II proclaimed a holy war.
1096–99 First Crusade, led by Baldwin of Boulogne, Godfrey of Bouillon, and Peter the Hermit. Motivated by occupation of Anatolia and Jerusalem by Seljuk Turks.
1099 Capture of Jerusalem by the crusaders, accompanied by looting and massacre. A number of small crusader states established on the Syrian coast.
1147–49 Second Crusade, led by Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad III, failed to capture Damascus and Edessa.

45. 1187 Jerusalem seized by Saladin, sultan of Egypt and Syria and leader of the Muslims against the crusaders.
1189–92 Third Crusade, led by Philip II Augustus of France and Richard I the Lion-Heart of England, failed to recapture Jerusalem.
1202–04 Fourth Crusade, led by William of Montferrata and Baldwin of Hainault. Originally intended to recover the holy places, it was diverted by its Venetian financial backers to sack and divide Constantinople.
1212 Children's Crusade. Thousands of children crossed Europe on their way to Palestine but many were sold into slavery in Marseille, or died of disease and hunger.
1218–21 Fifth Crusade, led by King Andrew of Hungary, Cardinal Pelagius, King John of Jerusalem, and King Hugh of Cyprus. Captured and then lost Damietta, Egypt.

46. 1228–29 Sixth Crusade, led by the Holy Roman emperor Frederick II
1228–29 Sixth Crusade, led by the Holy Roman emperor Frederick II. Jerusalem recovered by negotiation with the sultan of Egypt.
1244 Jerusalem finally lost, to remain in Turkish hands until liberated by the British general Allenby in 1917.
1249–54 Seventh Crusade led by Louis IX of France.
1270–72 Eighth Crusade, also led by Louis IX of France.
1291 Acre, the last Christian fortress in Syria, fell to the Turks.

49. Krak des Chevaliers, Syria

50. Causes Muslims controlled the Holy Land and threatened Constantinople
Byzantine Emperor calls for help
Pope appeals to Christian knights
knight feel religious zeal and want land, riches, and adventure
Italian cities desire commercial power

51. Effects Byzantine Empire is weakened Pope’s power declines
power of feudal nobles weakened
kings become stronger
religious intolerance grows
Italian cities expand trade and grow rich
Muslims distrust Christians
trade grows between Europe and Asia
Europeans adopt Muslim technology