1. 30 July 2014 Gwo-Sheng Peng (on behalf of Mr. Jiun-Kai Chen) Center for Measurement Standards/ Industrial Technology Research Institute Tel: +886-3-5743773 E-mail: Gwo-Sheng.Peng@itri.org.tw UNIQUE TYPE OF PRIMARY HIGH SHOCK CALIBRATION SYSTEM USING ELECTROMAGNETIC EXCITER

2. Copyright 2014 ITRI 工業技術研究院 Outline 1. Motivation 2. Calibration methods 3. Measurement setup 4. Preliminary results 5. Conclusions

3. Copyright 2014 ITRI 工業技術研究院 Motivation: additional requests from industry 100 1 000 10 000 100 000 1 000 000 m/s 2 NML Low shock : 200~10 000 m/s 2 500~5 000 m/s 2 15 000~30 000 m/s 2 Electric component 100~200 m/s 2 Laptop Electric connector 500~15 000 m/s 2 3C 、 Cellphone 、 GPS 500~1 000 m/s 2 Industrial PC 500~50 00 m/s 2 Motor electric instrument panel 500~1 000 m/s 2 Optical Lens 500~1 000 m/s 2 Parking Sensor 120 000 m/s 2 Airbag 100 000 m/s 2 Fire engine impact test 300 000 m/s 2 Damage test ISO 16063-13 : Rigid body motion ISO 16063-13 : Hopkinson bar NML High shock 10 000~1 000 000 m/s 2 Military Equients

4. Copyright 2014 ITRI 工業技術研究院 Motivation : Fulfill Traceability Chain Extend range to 100 000 m/s 2 Requests extend to at least 30 000 m/s 2 U : 2.1 % to 2.6 % U : 1.0 %

5. Copyright 2014 ITRI 工業技術研究院 1. Calibration capability: 1 000 ~10 000 m/s 2 U : 2.1 % to 2.6 % Range to be extended 2. Transferring standard calibrated by NML Primary Low shock calibration system. Scope Amplifier Std. Acc. Cal. Acc. Steel ball Air pump Air Throttle Vacuum control Suck device Computer GPIB NML- comparative calibration system

6. Copyright 2014 ITRI 工業技術研究院 ISO 16063-13 Methods for the calibration of vibration and Shock transducers — Primary shock calibration using laser interferometry Acceleration peak value: 100 m/s 2 to 5 000 m/s 2 Acceleration peak value: 1 000 m/s 2 to 100 000 m/s 2 PC 8 1213 1 2 4 3 6 5 9 10 0°90° 11 7 Rigid body motion Wave propagation inside a long thin bar - Hopkinson bar Primary shock calibration methods

7. Copyright 2014 ITRI 工業技術研究院 Primary low shock calibration system: Rigid body motion PC 8 1213 1 2 4 3 6 5 9 10 0°90° 11 7 1:Shock machine 2: Electromagnetic exciter 3:Airborne hammer 4:Pad 5:Airborne anvil 6:Accelerometer 7:Amplifier 8:Digital waveform recorder 9:Laser 10:Interferometer 11:Light detectors 12:1 st seismic block 13:2 nd seismic block  Calibration capability : 200 m/s 2 to 10 000 m/s 2  Uncertainty: 1.0 %

8. Copyright 2014 ITRI 工業技術研究院 Type Force Control Cost Shock acceleration Noise Repeat.Low gHigh g Comp. air OKHigherOKPoorOKQuiet Electro- magnetic BetterLowerBetterOK Electromagnetic Exciter Specification of NML Electromagnetic exciter Input: AC 110/220 V, 1Φ 2W 50/60 Hz Voltage: (0 to 150) V Current: (0 to 10) A Max. output force: 1000 N Comparison of Shock Exciter

9. Copyright 2014 ITRI 工業技術研究院 Procedures of calibration t2t2 a 2,max t3t3 V 3,max Laser interferometer Anvil Laser interferometer Accelerometer Displace -ment Low pass filter Differen -tiation (Vel.) Low pass filter Differen -tiation (Acc.) a peak Acc. Low pass filter u peak According to ISO 16063-13:2001 a peak Accelerometer Charge amplifier t1t1 a 1,max u peak

10. Copyright 2014 ITRI 工業技術研究院 displacement measurement ideally u 1 : 1+cosφ u 2 : 1+cos(π/2+φ) ISO 16063-13:2001 Methods for the calibration of vibration and Shock transducers — Primary shock calibration using laser interferometry Lissajous figure practically

11. Copyright 2014 ITRI 工業技術研究院 Interferometer signals : ref: Chien-ming Wu, et al., Correction of nonlinearity in one-frequency optical interferometry, Meas. Sci. Technol. 7 (1996) 520–524 Elliptical parameters are obtained by least squares fitting and then displacements are calculated. Data processing for displacements

12. Copyright 2014 ITRI 工業技術研究院 30 July 2014 Primary high shock calibration system: Hopkinson-bar

13. Copyright 2014 ITRI 工業技術研究院 Main components of high shock calibration system InterferometerShock machine 0°90°

14. Copyright 2014 ITRI 工業技術研究院 Velocity (m/s) Voltage (V) Preliminary results Peak=54.9 V @ 0.161ms Vel.: 0.567967 m/s @ 0.161 ms 0.618869 m/s @ 0.162 ms Acc= 50863 m/s 2 Sen.=1.079 mV/(m/s 2 ) Signal from Acc. Time (s) Signal from interferometer Time (s) Velocity (m/s) Time (s)

15. Copyright 2014 ITRI 工業技術研究院 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 th Avg.Std. Peak value from accelerometer (V) 54.955.65555.1555.4654.9755.18 0.29 (0.5%) Peak value from laser interferometer (m/s 2 ) 50862507625080550788508255083850813 35.9 (0.07%) Sensitivity from electro- magnetic exciter (mV/(m/s 2 )) 1.0791.0951.0831.0861.0911.0811.086 0.0062 (0.6%) Sensitivity calibrated by PTB (mV/(m/s 2 )) 1.112 Preliminary results

16. Copyright 2014 ITRI 工業技術研究院 1.A unique compact electromagnetic exciter was built to produce stable shock force for low and high shock calibration systems. 2. Installation and operation of the electromagnetic exciter are simple, automatic operation of the calibration system will later be implemented. 3. Need to complete the uncertainty evaluation and check the system performance with PTB calibrated value. Conclusions