1. The American Civil War (1861-1865)
1860 » Lincoln wins presidential election
7 Southern states declare secession
1861 » Confederate forces fire on Fort Sumter, in South Carolina (April 12th)
1862 » Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation
1863 » Lee’s defeated in Gettysburg
1864 » Grant fights battles of attrition against Lee
1865 (April 7th)» Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse

2. Reconstruction
The period of Reconstruction took place in the southern United States from the end of the Civil War in 1865 until 1877.
United States 1861

3. 13th Amendment Bans slavery in the U.S. and any of its territories
Adopted on December 6, 1865, officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

4. The 14th Amendment
Grants citizenship to all persons born in the U.S. and guarantees them equal protection under the law
Passed in 1868 to guarantee due process and equality before the law for all citizens, including newly-freed slaves.
Due Process - A legal concept where a person is ensured all legal rights when he/she is being deprived of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness for a given reason

5. The 15th Amendment
Ensures all citizens the right to vote regardless of race or color or previous condition of servitude. (1869)
No mention of women in this Amendment, women would gain the right to vote with the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1919.

6. Civil Rights Act of 1866
A piece of United States legislation that gave further rights to the former enslaved African Americans after the end of the American Civil War.
Authorized the use of federal troops for its enforcement
Legislation = Laws
As citizens they could make and enforce contracts, sue and be sued, give evidence in court, and inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real estate and personal property.

7. Reconstruction
The Reconstruction policies were harsh and created problems in the South.
Reconstruction attempted to give meaning to the freedom that former enslaved African Americans had achieved.

8. Fundamental Issues
Role former Confederates might play in the US government.
Role freed slaves would play in American society.
Infrastructure of the South, where most of the war had been fought, also had to be rebuilt.

9. Policies and Problems Southern military leaders could not hold office
African Americans could hold office
African Americans gained equal rights as a result of the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which authorized federal troops for its enforcement
Northern soldiers supervised the South
Freedman’s Bureau, established to aid former enslaved African Americans in the South
Southerners resented northern “carpetbaggers,” who took advantage of the South during Reconstruction

10. Reconstruction Plans Lincoln:
Reconstruction plan called for reconciliation
Reconciliation - restoration to harmony; renewal of friendship.
Preservation of the Union was more important than punishing the South

11. Reconstruction Plans (cont’d)
Lee:
Urged Southerners to reconcile at the end of the war and reunite as Americans when some wanted to continue to fight
Became president of Washington College which is now known as Washington and Lee college

12. Reconstruction Plans (cont’d)
Douglass:
Fought for adoption of constitutional amendments that guaranteed voting rights
Powerful voice for human rights and civil liberties for all

13. Reconstruction ended with the Election of 1876
Federal troops removed
Rights that African Americans had gained were lost through Black Codes
Black Codes - laws that placed severe restrictions on freed slaves such as prohibiting their right to vote, forbidding them to sit on juries, limiting their right to testify against white men, carrying weapons in public places and working in certain occupations.

14. Racial Segregation Based upon race
Directed primarily against African Americans, but other groups also were kept segregated.

15. “Jim Crow” Laws
“Jim Crow” Laws were passed to discriminate against African Americans.

16. “Jim Crow” Laws
Made discrimination practices legal in many communities and states throughout the South
Were characterized by unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government.

17. Plessey vs. Ferguson
The case produced the ruling by the Supreme Court that racial segregation was legal and constitutional if there was “separate but equal” facilities for Black and White.
It rested on the question whether the state of Louisiana's law requiring separate railcar facilities for Whites and Blacks were against the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution.

18. African American Response
Booker T. Washington
Believed equality could be achieved through vocational education; accepted social separation
Founded Tuskegee Institute
W.E.B. Du Bois
Believed in full political, civil, and social rights for African Americans.

19. USII – 2b:
Advances in transportation linked resources, products and markets.

20. Advancements in the transportation of resources:
Moving natural resources (e.g. copper and lead) to Eastern Factories

21. Advancements in the transportation of resources:
Moving iron ore deposits to sites of steel mills (e.g., Pittsburgh)

22. Advancements in the transportation of resources:
Transporting finished products to National Markets
National Market – means you can now sell goods all over the country

23. USII – 2a
During the 19th Century, people’s perceptions and use of the Great Plains changed.
Technological advances allowed people to live in more challenging environments

24. Physical Features and Climate of the Great Plains:
Flatlands that rise gradually from east to west.

25. Physical Features and Climate of the Great Plains:
Land eroded by wind and water.

26. Physical Features and Climate of the Great Plains:
Low rainfall

27. Physical Features and Climate of the Great Plains:
Frequent dust storms

28. Physical Features and Climate of the Great Plains:
Because of new technologies, people saw the Great Plains not as a “treeless wasteland” but as a vast area to be settled.

29. Inventions and adaptations on the Great Plains:
Barbed wire

30. Inventions and adaptations on the Great Plains:
Steel Plows

31. Inventions and adaptations on the Great Plains:
Dry Farming

32. Inventions and adaptations on the Great Plains:
Sod Houses

33. Inventions and adaptations on the Great Plains:
Beef Cattle Raising

34. Inventions and adaptations on the Great Plains:
Wheat Farming

35. Inventions and adaptations on the Great Plains:
Windmills

36. Inventions and adaptations on the Great Plains:
Railroads

37. USII – 4a
New opportunities and technological advances led to westward migration following the Civil War.
Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced problems in urban areas
Inventions had both positive and negative effects on society

38. Reasons for Westward Expansion:
Opportunities for Land Ownership
Homestead Act

39. Reasons for Westward Expansion:
Technological advances, including the transcontinental railroad

40. Reasons for Westward Expansion:
Possibility of wealth created by the discovery of gold and silver

41. Reasons for Westward Expansion:
Adventure

42. Reasons for Westward Expansion:
A new beginning for former slaves

43. Westward Expansions Impact on American Indians
American Indians opposed western expansion and thus were involved in several battles.
Battle of Little big Horn
Sitting Bull
Geronimo - Apache Leader who escaped capture several times…

44. Westward Expansions Impact on American Indians
Forced relocation from traditional lands to Reservations
Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce, “from where the sun now stands…”

45. Westward Expansions Impact on American Indians
Reduced population through disease and warfare.
Battle of Wounded Knee

46. Westward Expansions Impact on American Indians
Lifestyle changes and assimilation attempts
Reduction of Buffalo population

47. Westward Expansions Impact on American Indians
The expansion reduced their homelands through treaties that were broken.

48. Reasons for Increased Immigration:
Hope for better opportunities

49. Reasons for Increased Immigration:
Religious Freedom

50. Reasons for Increased Immigration:
Escape from oppressive governments

51. Reasons for Increased Immigration:
Adventure

52. Reasons why cities developed:
Specialized industries including:
Steel in Pittsburgh, PA
Meat packing in Chicago, IL
Textile in New England
Automobile in Detroit, MI

53. “Captains of Industry”

54. 1. John D. Rockefeller
Oil

55. 2. Andrew Carnegie
Steel

56. 3. Henry Ford
Automobile

57. 4. Cornelius Vanderbilt
Shipping and Railroads

58. Reasons why cities developed:
Immigration from other countries

59. Reasons why cities developed:
Movement of Americans from rural to Urban areas for job opportunities

60. Inventors that contributed to great change and industrial growth
Thomas Edison - Lighting and mechanical uses of electricity
Alexander Graham Bell - Telephone service

61. Rapid industrialization and urbanization led to overcrowded immigrant neighborhoods and tenements.
Some of the efforts to solve immigration problems:
Settlement houses, such as the Hull House founded by Jane Adams
Political machines that gained power by attending to the needs of new Immigrants(e.g., jobs, housing)

62. Some of the challenges faced by cities during this time period
Tenements and Ghettos
Political Corruption (political machines)

63. From Agriculture to Industry
Between the Civil War and WWI, the United States was transformed from an agricultural to an industrial nation

64. Postwar Changes in Farm and City Life
Mechanization (e.g., the reaper) had reduced farm labor needs and increased production

65. Postwar Changes in Farm and City Life
Industrial development in cities created increased labor needs

66. Postwar Changes in Farm and City Life
Industrialization provided access to consumer goods (e.g., mail order catalog)

67. Factors resulting in growth of industry:
Access to raw materials and energy

68. Factors resulting in growth of industry
Availability of a workforce

69. Factors resulting in growth of industry
Inventions

70. Factors resulting in growth of industry
Financial resources (money)

71. Reasons for the rise and prosperity of big business
National Markets created by transportation advances

72. Reasons for the rise and prosperity of big business
Lower – cost production

73. Reasons for the rise and prosperity of big business
Advertising

74. Reasons for the rise and prosperity of big business
Captains of Industry

75. Examples of big business:
Railroads
Cornelius Vanderbilt

76. Examples of big business:
Oil
John D. Rockefeller

77. Examples of big business:
Steel
Andrew Carnegie

78. Examples of big business:
Shipping and Railroads

79. List the products for some “Captains of Industry”:

80. John D. Rockefeller
Oil

81. Andrew Carnegie
Steel

82. Henry Ford
Automobile

83. Cornelius Vanderbilt
Shipping and Railroads

84. Negative Effects of Industrialization:
Child labor

85. Negative Effects of Industrialization:
Low wages and long hours

86. Negative Effects of Industrialization:
Unsafe working conditions

87. Rise of organized labor:
Formation of unions – Growth of the American Federation of Labor

88. Rise of organized labor:
Strikes – Aftermath of Homestead Strike

89. Progressive Movement Workplace Reforms:
Improved safety conditions

90. Progressive Movement Workplace Reforms:
Reduced Work Hours

91. Progressive Movement Workplace Reforms:
Placed Restrictions on child labor

92. Women’s Suffrage Suffrage is the right to vote
Increased educational opportunities

93. Women’s Suffrage Attained Voting Rights
Women gained the right to vote with the passage of the 19th amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America
Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton worked for women’s suffrage

94. Temperance Movement
Composed of groups opposed to the making and consuming of alcohol

95. Temperance Movement
Supported the 18th Amendment prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcohol.