USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

USA Volleyball Referee Clinic
Agenda Referee Uniform & Equipment Entering the Facility & Pre-match Procedures Duties During the Match Ball Handling Calls & Other Rulings Match Administration & Game Procedures Sanctions Officials, Their Duties & Mechanics Techniques Changes & Points of Emphasis Officiating Resources USAV Basic Referee Clinic Agenda USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Referee Uniform & Equipment USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Required Uniform White (‘Certified Volleyball Official’) long- or short-sleeved polo shirt USAV referee patch – recommend regionally, required nationally; FIVB arbitre patch may be worn regionally and nationally by USA Int’l referees Dark navy blue slacks (NO jeans or faded pants) Blue or black belt Solid white shoes and white socks Well-groomed and neat in appearance Optional - Certified Official V-neck sweater (approved for on-court wear by either referee) Optional – white sweater vest (approved for on-court wear by either referee) Our uniform and appearance help us make the “right” first impression! The long-sleeved polo shirt with “Certified Volleyball Official” embroidered on the upper left sleeve area is a newly approved uniform item. NOTE: The USAV Provisional, Regional, Junior National and National patches are recommended to be worn while officiating local USAV events sanctioned within a region. At nationally sanctioned events, the appropriate USAV referee patch is required. NOTE: The FIVB international arbitre patch may be worn regionally or nationally, as approved by the Referee Administration in New Orleans in May 2006. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Referee Equipment Required items & equipment: Whistle with lanyard Watch (with second hand or timer) Yellow and Red Cards Coin for coin toss Domestic Competition Regulations Highly recommended items & equipment: net height measuring device ball pressure gauge and pump line judge flags The referee’s equipment ensures that the match will be conducted according to procedures, rules and protocols. NOTE: The Domestic Competition Regulations are the FIVB rules and techniques with various modifications and adoptions for play within the United States. The adoptions only modify the FIVB rules for safety concerns, grassroots competition and for the encouragement of participation. NOTE: When a USAV clarification box (with gray background) follows a specific rule, that clarification takes precedence over the FIVB rule of the corresponding reference. For example, FIVB describes the Penalty Area. USAV further clarifies the use of the Penalty Area in USAV competitions. Although a net measuring device, a ball pressure gauge and a ball pump are recommended equipment, most referees regularly carry this equipment. Likewise, line judge flags are now commonly carried by referees. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Entering The Facility USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Entering the Facility Be at site in uniform at least 30 minutes prior to start time, preferably earlier! Locate event manager or tournament director Meet with co-officials and discuss ground rules Determine format and protocols Responsibilities begin with arrival courtside USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Entering the Facility Facility & Court Inspection Service zone: Are sideline extensions present to define the service zone? Are attack lines extended, if necessary? Overhead obstructions Playing vs. non-playing areas: Adjacent courts? Pursuit? Sport Court or other portable surface? Safety issues? Location of spectators? NOTE: The service zone must be a minimum of two meters (6’6”) deep, measured from the back edge of the endline. If the minimum depth does not exist, a line must be placed across the width of the court to establish the two-meter mark. (The distance is measured from the back edge of this line to the end of the playing area.) After contact of service, this line is ignored. NOTE: The extensions of the attack lines are recommended; however at national events, they are required. The extension includes five lines, each six inches long, spaced eight inches apart. The first line will be placed eight inches from the outside edge of the sideline. NOTE: Are there unusually low overhead obstructions below 4.6 meters (15’)? A ball contacting such an obstruction is ruled “out,” and a replay may be awarded at the first referee’s discretion if the referee believes the ball would have remained in play if the obstruction had not been there. NOTE: Playing vs non-playing areas: 1) Is there adequate clearance (two meters) on both sides of the court to allow for pursuit? 2) If a Sport Court or other portable court that is ½” or less in thickness is being used, is the surrounding area clean and free from obstruction? If so, the ball may be legally retrieved from beyond the court. Serving is not “retrieving a ball” during play, so the server must still start the serve on the playing area, i.e., Sport Court. 3) Is there any non-playing equipment or other obstructions that present a safety concern? 4) Spectators may not be on the playing surface, and media may not interfere with play. External interference may result in a replay. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Match Equipment Game balls: color and pressure Net: height; tautness; exposed tensioning devices; posts/supports and padding; antennas; vertical tape markers (if used) Referee stand Scoreboard or flip score Timing device NOTE: ALL game balls being used on a court must be of a uniform, light color or a combination of colors. The pressure must be 4.26 to 4.61 psi. NOTE: The net height may vary depending on the age level of the competition. The tautness of the net may be tested by tossing a ball into the body of the net to determine its rebound. NOTE: Exposed tensioning devices or fasteners may need to be covered if there is concern for player safety. Posts and other supports must be padded. Antennas are fastened to the net, aligned with the outer edge of the sideline. Vertical tape markers, if used (not required), shall be placed inside the antenna directly over the sideline. NOTE: The referee stand must be a stable platform which is padded in the same manner as the net posts. It should elevate the referee’s head approximately 18” above the net. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Player Uniforms Player uniforms: Matching shirts/jerseys and shorts Differing manufacturer logos are permitted Sleeve length may vary (short vs long); sleeveless shirts or tank tops not considered “matching” with short/long sleeves Exposed undergarments Number placement – CENTERED on front and back of jersey NOTE: Socks are not considered to be part of the uniform for USAV competition. NOTE: Manufacturer logos may differ on jerseys or shorts provided they do not exceed 2-¼ square inches. NOTE: Any exposed undergarment worn by more than one team member must be the same (except for the Libero). NOTE: Number placement and visibility – the numbers must be centered on the front and back of the jersey. The minimum number size is 4” on the front, and 6” on the back. It is still recommended to have the larger numbers if the size of the jersey allows, but it will not be required. NOTE: A player not in legal uniform is not permitted to play. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Player Uniforms The Libero uniform: Jersey must be contrasting color May not include any color from the predominant colors of the team’s regular jerseys Examples included in DCR Exposed undergarments may differ from rest of team Re-designated Libero uniform Differing shorts permitted NOTE: The Libero must wear a uniform jersey or shirt that is at least contrasting to the color of the rest of the team members; the color and height of the number may differ from other team members. Refer to USAV 19.2a for examples of illegal color combinations. The Libero’s jersey may not include any colors from the predominant colors of the team’s regular jerseys NOTE: If a Libero wears an exposed undergarment(s), the garment does NOT need to be identical to exposed undergarments warn by the rest of the team. NOTE: A bib or jacket may only be worn in the case of re-designation. If a bib or jacket is worn, the jersey number must be visible. NOTE: The shorts of the Libero do not need to be identical to all other uniform shorts. The Libero’s jersey should be reviewed prior to the start of the match. Prior to or during warm-ups, referees should ask the head coach if that team will be using a Libero player. If a Libero will be used, the uniform should be verified at that time to ensure contrast and legality. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Player Equipment Splints and braces Allowed on hand or arm provided it does not give the player an artificial advantage or pose risk of injury; may need to be covered or padded; Hard plaster or fiberglass cast on hand/forearm is not permitted Medical devices (insulin pumps, etc.) Permitted provided such a device poses no risk of injury to player or other participants; cannot give artificial advantage In some cases, medical personnel or trainers should verify that a splint or brace does not pose risk of further injury to the player, or possible injury to another participant. Casts on the lower extremities may be permitted provided they are adequately covered/padded as determined by medical personnel. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Pre-match Procedures USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Pre-match Procedures Captains’ meeting: Introductions Ground rules Warm-up protocol & match format Jewelry Libero replacements & substitution procedure Second referee input Answer questions Coin toss After each teams has played, subsequent captains’ meetings should be brief! NOTE: Referees should review the playing area to ensure that they agree on the ground rules. Both referees stand together, facing the court during the pre-match conference with the captains. NOTE: Remind captains that liquids may be used during time-outs. Any spills must be cleaned before end of time-out; team delay must result if clean-up delays resumption of play. NOTE: Jewelry – during warm-up and match (use preventive officiating during warm-ups); single flat band ring allowable for adult competition only. NOTE: Warm-up protocol: 1) Juniors: ; 2) Adults: 10 minutes shared, or split 5-5. (Warm-up protocol may be altered if appropriate for region competition.) Matches are best 2 of 3 or best 3 of 5 sets. NOTE: Rally scoring – all sets 25 points, rally scoring; deciding set 15 points, rally scoring. No point cap in any set. NOTE: Libero replacements – must take place at the sideline between attack line and end line in front of team bench. NOTE: Multiple substitution procedure – If a team intends to make more than one substitution during the same request, the substitutions must be made in succession, one pair of players in the substitution zone at a time. We’ve had a year of “teaching” this one, so we now need to insist that teams follow the procedure. Make sure the subsequent subs stay clear of the sub zone until the first pair have made their exchange. Authorization to enter is required from the second referee; signal should be a large sweeping motion. Insist that players look at second referee for this signal – warn once by bringing subs back for proper procedure; team delay should follow if proper procedures still aren’t followed. NOTE: Sanction notification – Player on the court must approach the stand; team members on bench must acknowledge sanction by standing and raising a hand; captain is notified of team delays and may relay that information to the bench if needed. NOTE: Coin toss – serve/receive or choice of court. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Pre-match Procedures Meet with scorekeeper and assistant scorekeeper: Review scorekeeper duties Recording subs, time-outs and sanctions; Informing referees of subs, time-outs taken, wrong servers and illegal substitutions; Verify server before each serve; Ensure lineups are recorded correctly; End of set/match procedures. NOTE: Only one official scorekeeper, one assistant scorekeeper and a visible scoreboard operator should be seated at the scoring table. It is best if the crew at the scoring table keep food and drinks below the table. NOTE: Second referee should work with scorekeeper to verify rosters and ensure lineups are recorded correctly. Both should verify correct players are on the court to start each set. NOTE: Remind assistant scorer of procedure for notifying the referees of an illegal Libero replacement: When the illegal replacement is identified, the assistant scorer shall wait until the contact of the subsequent serve and then notify the referees. A position fault is called (point for the opponent) and the replacement is corrected. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Pre-match Procedures Meet with scorekeeper and assistant scorekeeper: Review assistant scorekeeper duties Use of tracking sheet for Libero replacements and substitutions Handling illegal Libero replacements (after contact of serve) Communication with scorekeeper. NOTE: Remind assistant scorekeeper to record regular team substitutions. Discuss the procedure for notifying the referees of an illegal Libero replacement (after the contact of the serve). Key phrase: “The number before and after the ‘L’ must be the same.” USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Pre-match Procedures Meet with line judges: Positioning on court Prior to match; During time-outs (mid-point of end line); Between sets (neutral area); When server is within 4’-5’ of line judge (step behind server in line with sideline extended). Allow ample time to have a pre-match discussion with line judges. Their role is important in the match! Emphasize that you will make plenty of eye-contact with them during the match, so it is important that a signal is given at the end of each rally. The line judge responsible for the line nearest to where the ball lands should be making the “in” or “out” signal. Either line judge may give “touch” or antenna signals. During timeouts, it is best if the line judges remain at the mid-point of their end lines unless that position interferes with a team’s warm-up activities. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Pre-match Procedures Meet with line judges: Calls and signals Balls landing “in” or “out” Foot faults by the server Foot faults by players outside the court lines Touches Help with “pancake” digs near the floor NOTE: Court lines are part of the court, so if any part of the ball touches any part of the line, the ball is “in.” Emphasize that line judges should not repeat one another’s calls, and should only offer a signal for the lines for which they’re responsible. For balls landing near the middle of the court on either side of the net, either line judge may have a view and should make the appropriate signal. In the case when the ball lands in one of the corner’s opposite of either line judge, both line judges should give a signal as it is possible that the ball is very near the lines, and may be “in” on one line (i.e., the end line), but “out” on the other line (i.e., the sideline). NOTE: A ball contacting a player’s long hair is not considered a touch of the ball. <Continued on next slide.> USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Pre-match Procedures Meet with line judges: Calls and signals (con’t) Balls crossing over or outside an antenna Ball touching an antenna Implications of “Pursuit Rule,” if being used Screened from viewing a play Reporting rude remarks or inappropriate behavior Review signals (with or without flags) Signals should be held long enough to be seen by a referee NOTE: If the “Pursuit Rule” is in effect: -if ball is pursuable: no signal -if ball is retrieved and the return path is completely inside the antenna, signal antenna fault -if player pursues a ball which is not pursuable, on contact, line judge signals “out” The “blocked from view” signal is indicated by crossing the arms (with or without flags) across the chest. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Pre-match Procedures Referees’ pre-match communication: Rule changes Ground rules Assistance with judgment calls how & when to signal; do not offer opinions Use of informal signals R2 method for requesting sanctions Bench control Who conducts deciding set coin toss? NOTE: The warm-up area begins at the end of the bench or bench area, and no nearer the court than the front of the team bench. NOTE: The first referee should inform the second referee how and when (or IF) to signal assistance with ball handling judgment calls. NOTE: If the second referee will offer informal or discreet signals, those signals should be discussed prior to the match to ensure that the first referee understands the nature of the signal. NOTE: Sanction procedures – The second referee must be aware of sanctions (individual and team) and be prepared to inform a coach if the captain does not perform this duty. The second referee should also help to ensure the team members on the bench follow the appropriate protocol when acknowledging an individual sanction. We should be in “teaching” mode so that teams learn the proper procedure (ie., stand and raise a hand to acknowledge the sanction). NOTE: As a reminder for second referees, coaches may not enter sub zone. When needed, the R2 may offer a quick, direct explanation of a rule. There should be no delays in play for explanations! Judgment calls are not subject to discussions, particularly lengthy discussion! USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Pre-match Procedures Referees’ pre-match communication: First referee determines who will conduct the deciding set coin toss Post-match procedures: Toot-n-Scoot Include scorekeepers and line judges in the post-match debrief when appropriate NOTE: FIVB protocol requires the first referee to conduct the deciding set coin toss. In USAV competition, it is acceptable to request that the second referee conduct the toss for the deciding set. This facilitates the flow of the match. In some cases, it may be appropriate for referees to quickly leave the playing area. This prevents players, coaches or spectators from “offering’ unsolicited comments that may not be appropriate. If a “toot-n-scoot” will be used, the referees should devise a discreet signal to communicate this during the match. The second referee should pick up the first referee’s belongings, and the two should meet at a pre-designated area. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Pre-match Procedures Warm-up Procedures: First referee must supervise the warm-ups May request second referee to time the segments Ensure safety Observe skill level of teams Review teams for jewelry and uniform/equipment legality Verify Libero jersey contrast NOTE: FIVB protocol requires the first referee to supervise the warm-up period; however, it is common for the first referee to request that the second referee time each segment. NOTE: If a team elects to not use its designated, individual court time, the court shall remain unoccupied for the duration of that segment. NOTE: During warm-ups, when one team has exclusive use of the court, the opposing team may warm up in the free zone surrounding the court but may not interfere with the warm-up of the opponent, including serving practice. Ask for coaches cooperation on this one, and I don’t think we’ll have any trouble. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

During The Match USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

During the Match Signal teams to end lines or onto court following Junior pre-match protocol, DCR page 166) Check line-ups During service: Eight second violation Five seconds for 14 & Under Re-serves not allowed 14 & Under – a re-serve is allowed for each serve; five seconds permitted per attempt; ball must drop, untouched If the Junior pre-match protocol is being used: Signal teams to line up on sidelines for presentation R1 left of post; R2 right of post Walk to center of court and turn around Referees step back; R1 whistles and directs teams to greet at the net Non-starters return to bench R1 goes to stand; R2 checks line-ups No visible count is displayed for the eight (or five) seconds allowed for service. NOTE: Authorization for the service shall occur when the server is on the playing area, and the entire service action must take place within the playing area. This implies that a server may not begin the service actions while positioned outside the playing area, ie., “off the Sport Court.” Referees should direct such players to step onto the playing surface before whistling and beckoning for service. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

During the Match During service (continued): Foot faults by the server Served ball contacting antenna or obstruction Served ball contacting net No requests after the beckon Positional faults NOTE: Served ball contacting an antenna or obstruction is signaled “out.” NOTE: A served ball, contacting the net but continuing to the opponent’s court, remains in play. A served ball that does not cross the net should be whistle dead as soon as the first referee is sure the ball will not cross the net. NOTE: Teams may not request a substitution, time-out, lineup check, etc., after the beckon for service (but before the contact of the serve.) Once the ball has been contacted for service, or a point has been awarded (via individual or team sanction), a request will be honored. A replay constitutes a rally, and subsequent requests should be honored. NOTE: Only the first referee may whistle a positional fault on the serving team, and only the second referee may whistle a positional fault on the receiving team. If the first referee notices a positional fault on the receiving team, a discreet signal should be used to notify the R2 of the positional fault. This should be communicated pre-match! USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

During the Match During service (continued): Screening Movement of players on serving team Flight of ball Separation of players Players bending over Server must be visible to receiving team NOTE: The server must be visible to the receiving team. From a practical standpoint, although the FIVB verbiage is somewhat different than previous USAV verbiage, we will apply this rule in the same manner as we always have: “contact of serve and/or flight of the ball.” NOTE: A warning is not required prior to making a screening call. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

During the Match During service (continued): Blocking or attacking the serve Attacking is illegal only if ball is attacked while the ball is in the front zone and completely higher than the top of the net Player, other than server, off the court A rally begins with the service contact USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

During the Match Ball in or out of play: Ball is in when it lands in the court or on the lines Ball must cross the net between the antennas (Pursuit Rule implications) Ball is in if any part touches the line USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

During the Match Ball in or out of play (continued): Ball is out of play when: the ball lands completely outside the boundary lines; the ball contacts an object or person outside the playing area; the ball contacts the ceiling or overhead objects above opponent's court; the ball contacts the ceiling or overhead objects above team playing area and crosses into opponent's court; the ball contacts an antenna, or any part of the net system outside the antenna. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

During the Match Ball in or out of play (continued): Ball is out of play when: the ball completely crosses the plane of the net outside the antenna (Pursuit Rule implications); the ball contacts any object over non-playing areas. Ball contacting an official is out of play; no replay The play ends with the referee's whistle USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Handling Calls NOTE: For ball handling judgments, the referee’s judgment must be in accordance with the spirit of rules to encourage longer rallies and spectacular actions; hence, only the most obvious violations will be whistled. Therefore, when a player is not in a very good position to play the ball, the first referee will be less severe in his/her judgement of ball handling faults. The referees should enhance the excitement of volleyball by allowing the spectacular elements of the game, and highlighting the skill and athleticism of the players. Referees must judge the contact of the ball, not the technique or body position of the player. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Ball Handling Calls Sets (overhand ball handling): Double hits Allowed on first contact Caught or thrown One-handed sets Use same judgment as two-handed set Judge contact, not technique Concept of “over-control” vs “under control” Discreet help with ball handling calls from the second referee should be included in pre-match discussion between the referees. In many cases, it is best for the second referee to not offer ball handling opinions unless the first referee is blocked from seeing the contact of the ball. NOTE: “Over control” results in a caught and/or thrown ball. The signal should be “illegal hit.” “Under control” may result in a double (or multiple) contact. This is permitted on any first team hit and during blocking. For any second or third team hit, such a contact should be signaled as “double hit”. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Ball Handling Calls Passes or digs (underhand/forearm ball handling): Allowable multiple contacts Illegal multiple contacts Contact with the ball made only by hair is ignored – not a touch Caught or thrown ball Ball played out of the net – consistency with other calls Judge contact, not technique NOTE: By interpretation, a ball contacting (long) hair is not considered a touch and is ignored. NOTE: First team contacts include: 1) service reception, 2) a team’s first contact of the ball after their block, 3) each first contact of the ball during a rally, etc. NOTE: When playing a ball out of the net, a ball can only rebound with the amount of energy it carries. Sometimes this results in a slower or softer rebound after contacting the player. The referee must be certain the ball was caught and/or thrown during this play; otherwise, it should not be called. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Ball Handling Calls Tips and dumps: Duration of contact Same latitude as sets Direction of the ball before and after contact Caught/thrown ball Judge contact, not technique A one-handed “power” tip may result in a thrown ball. The first referee must recognize the fine line between an aggressive, athletic play and a thrown ball. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Ball Handling Calls Attacking: Point of contact in relationship to the rest of the body Contact of ball must be made above that player’s own playing space; reaching beyond net to “save” a ball is illegal if contact is made with ball above opponent’s playing space Duration of contact Judge contact, not technique NOTE: Refer to Rule 9. This does not impact current blocking rules; those will be applied as has always been the case. It also does not apply to a player’s follow-through after attacking or blocking a ball. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Ball Handling Calls Blocking: Definition: player reaching higher than the top of the net Duration of contact Directional blocks Trapping the ball against the net Illegal or legal blocker Ball rolling down the body – probably legal Contacting the ball before the hitter Reaching beyond the net – when is it allowed? Collective blocks – only players who meet the definition of a blocker can be considered part of a collective block Non-blocking back row setter in the area of the block – may be 1st team hit or a block NOTE: If a player is not reaching higher than the top of the net, s/he can never be considered a blocker. NOTE: A block may result in a caught and thrown ball. NOTE: A ball trapped against the net may result in a caught/thrown ball. NOTE: Illegal blockers include back row players and the Libero. A block (actual contact with the ball while the player is reaching higher than the top of the net) of the serve is illegal. NOTE: A ball rolling down the body (during blocking OR other actions) is probably legal since the ball has not been caught and/or thrown. NOTE: If a blocker reaches beyond the net and contacts a ball before or simultaneously with the attacker, the result is “reaching beyond the net,” i.e., “reaching over.” Reaching beyond the net while blocking is legal based on the provisions in Rule 14.3 and USAV 14.3. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Ball Handling Calls Four Hits: Watch closely for blocking team contact after third team hit Determine if part of the ball has touched the block along with the net If third hit is not contacted by the block and ball is contacted again by the attacker, “two hits" is called; if the attacker’s teammate contacts the ball, “four hits” is called Line judges do not assist in making this call NOTE: The use of “two hits” and “four hits” has been clarified. When the same player touches the ball in consecutive actions (i.e., the first/second, second/third or third/fourth team hits), the signal is “two hits.” USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Ball Handling Calls Back row attacks/blocks: Attacker’s foot/feet position in relation to the attack line Position of ball above or (partly) below the top of the net as a factor for back row attacks Position of player above or below the top of the net as a factor for back row blocks Ball legally blocked back into an attacker Ball legally blocked back into a setter trying to retrieve it from near the plane of the net Simultaneous contact of a ball in the plane of the net by a back row player (setter) and an opposing player NOTE: A ball blocked back into an attacker often results in a first team contact as opposed to a block. NOTE: If a ball is blocked back into a back row player (setter) who is trying to play it near the plane of the net, if the back row player (setter) is reaching higher than the top of the net, an illegal block (back row) is called. NOTE: Simultaneous, legal contact of the ball in the plane of the net by a back row player (setter) and an opponent results in a illegal block (back row) by the back row player if that player is reaching higher than the top of the net. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Other Rulings USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Other Rulings Net play: Net driven into player Contact with the net is not a fault unless the player is in the action of playing the ball or such contact interferes with play; contacting the ball is not a requirement to be “playing the ball” Contact with antenna by player (illegal) Contact with net supports by player (legal) Intentionally deflecting ball through the net (illegal) NOTE: When the net is forced into a player, any resulting net contact is not a fault of that player. NOTE: The appropriate application of Rule allows play to continue when a player makes net contact while not in the action of playing the ball. NOTE: Unless a player initiates contact with the net using forward motion, it is not a fault to intentionally block through the net. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Other Rulings Center line: Hand or foot on or above center line (legal) Hands or feet completely over the line, or other body parts in contact with opponent’s court (illegal) Crossing under the net outside the sideline (including Pursuit Rule implications) Interference with the opposing team Penetration under the plane of the net without contacting the floor NOTE: Crossing under the net outside the sideline is legal provided the opponent’s court is not touched. NOTE: Interference with the opposing team in the space under the net is a fault. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Other Rulings Potential play-over situations: Inadvertent whistles Play ends and ball is out of play Referee makes ruling not penalizing either team Objects less than 2m (6’6”) from the court interfering with ability to play the ball Ball contacts overhead object less than 4.6m (15’) above playing area Ball contacts a person (media or spectator) in free zone during legal attempt to play the ball; ball contact with an official does not result in a replay NOTE: In the case of an inadvertent whistle, the referee must make a ruling that will not penalize either team. In some cases, the inadvertent whistle will not affect the outcome of a rally, i.e., a third team hit that will not possibly cross the net, and the referee will award the appropriate loss of rally as opposed to a play-over. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Other Rulings Potential play-over situations: Player contact with an official IF the contact impedes an otherwise legal attempt to play the ball Ball comes to rest on an overhead object above team's playing area and is still playable Simultaneous faults Object coming onto the court that interfere with play Play is stopped due to injury anywhere on court or free zone USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Other Rulings Whistles: Simultaneous whistles that occur just as whistle for serve is blown First referee determines which occurred first Either allow request or assess improper request Simultaneous whistles that occur to end a play First referee determines which fault occurred first If referee cannot decide which whistle occurred first, award a play-over USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Match Administration USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Match Administration Substitutions: Unlimited player entries Twelve (12) substitutions per team, plus unlimited Libero replacements Re-entry into the set must be in the same position Substitution area between center line and attack line Subs must be near sub zone at time of request; if not, no whistle to recognize request! Sub request by each team during same dead ball requires separate whistle for each team’s request USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Match Administration Substitutions (continued): Requested only by the head coach or captain Location of coach(es) and substitutes Substitute entering the sub zone constitutes a request Players must wait until authorized by the second referee to enter the set For multiple substitutions by the same team, each substitute must enter the substitution zone successively, one at a time Subs may leave bench/warm-up area for medical reasons; coach/captain must make every effort to notify referees of the departure NOTE: For a substitution request, the number of substitutions requested does not need to be indicated; however, there can be no delay between substitutions if multiple substitutes wish to enter. NOTE: For multiple substitutions by the same team during the same dead ball, each sub must enter the sub zone successively, one at a time, ensuring adequate time for the scorer to accurately record each. The season was a “teaching time” for this procedure. For the season, we must insist that teams follow the procedure. Make sure the subsequent subs stay clear of the sub zone until the first pair have made their exchange. NOTE: Interpretation – Subs may leave bench area for medical reasons provided every effort has been made to notify the referees in advance. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Match Administration Libero replacements: Libero number on the line-up sheet at the beginning of each set Libero may not serve as team or game captain The lineup sheets for each match should be reviewed as soon as they are submitted to verify whether or not a Libero has been listed. If no Libero is listed for a set, it is a courteous to ask the head coach if a Libero will be used during the set. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Match Administration Libero replacements: Replacement of players The Libero may replace any back row player, including an injured player if Libero is not on court at time of injury Replacements are unlimited, but one rally must occur between replacements Libero must be replaced by player whom the Libero replaced (the replacement may then be substituted before the next play begins) Replacements take place when the ball is out of play Replacement location – all replacements must occur over the sideline between the attack line and the end line Late replacements (after beckon but before service contact) NOTE: For Libero replacements, a rally includes: a) A legally contacted serve, even if the result of this rally is a play-over; b) Any action that results in a point for either team (i.e., a sanction or wrong server). NOTE: A late Libero replacement (after the whistle for service but before the service contact) will result in a verbal warning to the team captain AT THE END OF THAT RALLY. The service in progress will not be stopped. Subsequent late replacements by the same team may result in a team delay sanction. In the case of a late replacement, the referees must be certain that a positional fault does not occur when the serve is contacted. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Match Administration Libero: Libero playing actions Back row player only May not complete an attack hit when the ball is entirely above the top of the net from anywhere on the court May not block, attempt to block or serve Restrictions on attack hits after Libero makes an overhand fingertip pass in the front zone USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Match Administration Libero: Re-designation of injured Libero Injured Libero must first be replaced by the player s/he replaced Re-designation does not have to happen immediately, but can occur at coach’s discretion Only a re-designated Libero may wear a bib or vest; the number must be visible Re-designated Libero may be any substitute (players not in set at time of re-designation) Injured Libero may not return to the match once re-designation occurs NOTE: If an injured Libero is replaced in a set by re-designation, the injured Libero may not return to play for the remainder of the match. NOTE: Only a re-designated Libero is permitted to wear a bib or vest. The number must be visible. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Match Administration Time-outs: Requested only by the head coach or captain Location of coach Duration 30 seconds; no warning whistle Two time-outs per team per set Third time-out request is an improper request (or delay sanction if IR has already been assessed, or if request is whistled) NOTE: The coach must be near the substitution zone to make a request. Requests by team members (subs, assistant coaches, etc.) other than the head coach or captain shall be denied as an improper request. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Match Administration Time-outs (continued): Location of teams during time-out Players may remain on court or go to free zone near team bench during time-out; coaches/subs may not enter court Referees may direct teams to leave court for administrative purposes Administered by second referee USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Match Administration Injuries: Stop play immediately, not just on playing area, but injury occurring anywhere Allow up to 30 seconds for assessment of injury If player is not ready to resume play after 30 seconds, a substitution or timeout must result Allow sufficient time for injured player to be safely removed from playing area No other substitution request may be made until injury is resolved NOTE: Libero may replace an injured player on the court if the Libero was not on the court at the time of the injury. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Match Administration Injuries (continued): Special injury timeout Only used when there are no legal substitutions available Lasts a maximum of three minutes Only one special injury timeout allowed per player per match Regular timeouts may be used in conjunction with the injury timeout USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Match Administration Injuries (continued): Priority of who may be an exceptional sub for an injured player Person who has played in the same position as the injured player during that set or any player that has not already been in the set Any player on the bench regardless of previous position played Libero An injured player replaced by exceptional substitution may not return to the match NOTE: An injured player replaced by exceptional substitution may not return to the match. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Match Administration Injuries (continued): Blood issues Stop play for blood on equipment Stop play for blood on player and/or uniform A bleeding player is treated as any other injury (30 seconds to resume play); if additional time is needed to address blood on equipment or the court, that time may be used to enable the injured player to return USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Match Administration Protest Procedures: Must be lodged by captain; coach may act as captain for 14 & Under competition Time factors for lodging protests between sets, after match No penalty for a protest that is not upheld NOTE: Please refer to USAV for specific protest procedure details. NOTE: A protest must be lodged prior to the next authorization for service. A protest of the last point of a set must be lodged within 60 seconds of the interval between sets. A protest of the last point of a match must be lodged before the referees leave the court. NOTE: Only protests of the misinterpretation of a rule, failure of the referee to apply the correct rule to a given situation, or failure to charge the correct sanction/penalty for a given fault shall be valid. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Match Administration Crowd control: Event host or tournament management should resolve NOTE: This is not specifically addressed by rule. It is included here as the recommended procedure. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Sanctions USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Sanctions Improper Requests: First improper request in a match Signaled with a “wave off” and request is denied On score sheet, slash the IR, note the team (A or B), the set, and the score at the time of the improper request Second and subsequent improper requests in a match results in a delay sanction Improper request may be preceded by a delay warning or penalty NOTE: An improper request is enforce to the match. NOTE: New Clarification -- An improper request may be assessed AFTER a team delay warning or penalty has already been assessed to that team in that match, provided that no other improper request has been assessed to that team in that match. NOTE: A second improper request in a match results in a team delay warning (if no TDW has yet been assessed). A third improper request in a match results in a team delay penalty. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Sanctions Improper Requests (continued): Examples of Improper Requests A request during a rally or after the authorization for service A request by someone other than the head coach or captain A request for a 13th substitution A request for a third timeout A request for a substitution that would result in a wrong position entry NOTE: An improper request for substitution results in that substitution being denied. NOTE: An improper request that is whistled by a referee shall result in a delay sanction. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Sanctions Delay Sanctions: First delay by a team in a match is a delay warning Signaled with hand held against back of opposite wrist On score sheet, slash the D in Warning column, note the team (A or B), the set and the score at the time of the TDW Second and subsequent delay in a match is a delay penalty Signaled with yellow card against back of opposite wrist On score sheet, write D in Penalty column, note the team (A or B), the set and the score at the time of the TDP NOTE: Team delays are in force for the match. NOTE: A second improper request in a match results in a team delay warning (if no TDW has yet been assessed). NOTE: An improper request may be assessed after a team delay warning and/or penalty have already been assessed to that team in that match. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Sanctions Delay Sanctions (continued): Examples of Delays Delay in completing a substitution Prolonging a game interruption after either referee requests play to resume Request for illegal substitution, which is recognized (whistled) by a referee Second and subsequent improper request in a match Delay of game by any team member NOTE: Delays of the game by a team member included, but are not limited to: Frequent inquiries regarding the number of remaining timeouts or substitutions Unnecessary shoe tying or floor wiping NOTE: Captain may inform coach of a team delay sanction, if appropriate USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Sanctions Individual Warnings: No further penalty is assessed with the hand signal or verbal warning Assessed for minor unsporting conduct by an individual First referee may call the player to the stand (“This is your warning”), or may whistle and signal (“finger wag”) For a team member on the bench, the first referee may whistle and signal (“finger wag”), or may request captain to report the warning to the team member Warnings are not recorded on the score sheet and have no further consequence NOTE: Minor unsporting conduct includes but isn’t limited to: Showing frustration Tugging on the net Celebrating through the net toward the opponent Comments to officials, opponents or spectators NOTE: Multiple warnings to the same team member in the same set/match are permitted provided the offense(s) are minor unsporting conduct in nature. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Sanctions Individual Penalties (Yellow Card): All penalties remain in force for the match The team is sanctioned with a loss of rally (point for the opponent) Penalties assessed for rude behavior include, but are not limited to: Rude, obnoxious behavior or profanity Stomping feet, shouting or yelling at opponents during play Deliberate contact with an opponent USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Sanctions Individual Penalties (Yellow Card): A penalty does not require a previous warning A referee may not give two individual penalties to the same team member in the same match Yellow card is held in the hand on the side of the net of the offending individual USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Sanctions Individual Penalties (Yellow Card): For a player on the court, the first referee must call the player to the stand and says, “This penalty is for you for unsporting behavior.” For a team member on the bench, the first referee must call the captain to the stand, inform him/her of the sanction, and ask the captain to report the sanction to the team member. The team member must stand and raise a had to acknowledge the sanction. On the score sheet, enter the player’s number (or appropriate code letter for other team members) in the Penalty column, note the team (A or B), the set, and the score at the time of the penalty. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Sanctions Expulsion (Red Card): Assessed for a second act of rude behavior or first act of offensive conduct in a match; does not require previous warning or penalty No other penalty is assessed at the time of expulsion Offensive conduct includes but is not limited to: Offensive conduct Defamatory or obscene words, insulting gestures or comments USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Sanctions Expulsion (Red Card): For a player on the court, the first referee must call the player to the stand and says, “You are expelled for offensive conduct.” For a team member on the bench, the first referee must call the captain to the stand, inform him/her of the expulsion, and ask the captain to report the expulsion to the team member. The team member must go to the Penalty Area. In the absence of a Penalty Area, expelled players or subs remain seated on the bench; other team members (coaches, etc.) must leave the playing, bench and warm-up areas for the remainder of the set. Expelled team members are subject to further sanction. An expulsion is recorded in the Sanctions box. NOTE: An expulsion is recorded in the Comments section on the score sheet. Record “Exp or Expulsion,” the individual’s number (or “coach,” “asst coach,” etc.), note the team (A or B), the set and the score at the time of the expulsion. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Sanctions Disqualification (Yellow & Red Cards together): Assessed for a repeated act of offensive conduct or a first act of aggression in a match; does not require previous warning, penalty or expulsion No other penalty is assessed at the time of expulsion The individual is disqualified from the remainder of the match Aggressive conduct includes but is not limited to: Intended aggression Physical attack USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Sanctions Disqualification (Yellow & Red Cards together): Location of disqualified team member: Must leave the Competition Control Area, defined as playing area, bench and warm-up areas, and spectator areas, as a minimum. A disqualification is noted in the Sanctions box on the score sheet USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Sanctions General rules for sanctions: Only the first referee may issue sanctions; the second referee may request a sanction from the first referee A player on the court must approach the stand to acknowledge a sanction The captain must approach the stand when requested to acknowledge a sanction given to a team member on the bench No individual sanction requires a previous warning or sanction All sanctions are in force for the duration of the match, including delay sanctions USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

End of Set/Match Procedures USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

End of Set/Match Procedures
Players do not go to end line if there is another set to be played; a whistle and the signal to change courts is given immediately after signaling “end of game” Players go to their team bench during the coin toss for a deciding set Players change courts without delay at eight points in a deciding set; not under net! Players to end line at end of match Three-minute interval between all sets begins when the first referee awards the final point of the set USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Officials & Their Duties USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Officials & Their Duties
First referee: Has ultimate authority over the match May overrule any other official Inspects playing area and equipment Conducts coin toss and captains' meeting (may request second referee to conduct deciding set coin toss) Supervises team warm-ups (may request second referee to time each segment) NOTE: Our current procedure of having the second referee conduct the deciding set coin toss has not changed. Likewise, the second referee may time the warm-up segments, but the first referee must supervise the warm-ups and observe any behavior issues. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

First referee (continued): Determines serving faults and screening Whistles positional faults of the serving team Whistles ball handling violations Communicates with second referee during match Assesses sanctions Indicates which team scores points and serves next Signs score sheet at end of match USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Second referee: Assists first referee Verifies line-ups for each team before each set Mimics all signals of first referee Discreetly signals violations blocked from first referee's view Works with scorekeeper and assistant scorekeeper USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Second referee (continued): Authorizes and controls time-outs and substitutions Supervises injury situations Visually (or verbally) notifies coach when 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th substitutions are used Whistles player contact with the net and antennas (on both the R1 and R2 sides of the court) USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Second referee (continued): Whistles player contact with any portion of the net in accordance with Rule Whistles antennas on R2’s side of court; may assist first referee with a ball crossing behind the first referee by showing “out” discreetly; R2 should not whistle ball behind R1 Whistles center line violations Whistles positional faults of the receiving team NOTE: Second referees should whistle the faulty contact of the net by a player along any portion of the net. NOTE: Second referees may whistle the ball contact (or over/outside) the antenna on the R2’s side of the court. The second referee may need to assist the first referee with a ball crossing behind the first referee’s stand. The second referee should not whistle this; however, the first referee may request such help pre-match. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Second referee (continued): Whistles back row player faults (signal to R1 first) Whistles a ball contacting the floor (signal to R1 first) Stops play for balls crossing the net outside the R2’s antenna (Pursuit Rule implications) Stops play when a ball contacts an object/equipment outside the antenna Communicates with first referee during match NOTE: When the second referee is certain that a ball had contacted the floor (i.e., “pancake” play), s/he should indicate this to the first referee. If the first referee has not seen the ball hit the floor AND has not seen the second referee’s help, the R2 may blow the whistle. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Scorekeeper: Before the match: Records names of first and second referee, line judges and scorekeeper May prepare the score sheets for the minimum number of sets to be played Records starting lineups for both teams Assists the R2 with lineup verification before the start of each set USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Scorekeeper (continued): During the match: Records the score and ensures the serving order is followed correctly Checks the eligibility of all substitutes before entering the court Records time-outs and notifies referees of number of time-outs taken by both teams After recording subs or at the end of a time-out, indicates readiness by raising both hands Records all information if a protest is lodged NOTE Scorekeeper Technique: “Readiness” is indicated by raising both hands, palms forward. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Scorekeeper (continued): Post-match: Verifies the score Ensures all information is complete on the score sheet Signs the score sheet USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Assistant Scorekeeper: Duties: Ensures that when the Libero leaves the court, the player originally replaced returns to the court Ensures a rally has occurred between Libero replacements Notifies referees of illegal replacement after contact of next serve Records regular team substitutions in addition to Libero replacements USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Line Judges: Duties: Ball “in” or “out” Signal when view is blocked Server or other player commits a line violation at time of service contact Antennas (and Pursuit Rule implications) Touches Positioning during play; also when server is 4’-5’ from line judge’s position NOTE: Line judges must be familiar with use of flags or hand signals, if flags are not available. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Officiating Mechanics USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Hand Signals: Clear, visible and executed away from the body Held long enough to convey the call Complete each signal before displaying the next signal (indicate loss of rally/next team to serve before signaling fault, for example) Establish a consistent tempo; don’t rush USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Hand Signals: First referee signal sequence when making a call Whistle to stop play Indicate next team to serve/loss of rally Signal nature of fault (and player at fault, if necessary) NOTE: It must be noted that first referees ONLY SIGNAL THE LOSS OF RALLY when a second referee has whistled to call a fault. The fault signal is not repeated. NOTE: When indicating the player at fault, the first referee motions toward the player with an open hand. Numbers are not given unless absolutely needed for clarification by the captain. NOTE: After whistling, the first referee will signal the next team to serve/loss of rally. If the second referee is taking position on the offending team’s side of the net, the first referee should hold the loss of rally signal a bit longer. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Hand Signals: Second referee signal sequence when making a call Whistle to stop play Signal nature of fault (and player at fault, if necessary) Mimic first referee’s indication of next team to serve/loss of rally NOTE: Second referees must resist the temptation to signal the loss of rally before indicating the nature of the fault when making a call! USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Whistle technique: Clear, sharp and authoritative Reaction time should result in whistle blown promptly Each interruption request requires a separate whistle, including simultaneous requests by opponents during the same dead-ball period NOTE: If each team submits a request (sub, timeout, etc) during the same dead ball, each team’s request must be whistled separately, even if the nature of the requests is the same, i.e., both request a substitution. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Whistle technique (continued): Use various tones for different purposes (time-out, fault, substitution, injury, etc.) Separation of service whistle and signal to authorize service Separation of whistle and loss of rally signal (first referee); “1-2-3 Method” (whistle  loss of rally  fault) Separation of whistle and fault signal (second referee); also uses “1-2-3 Method” USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Second referee mechanics: Focus on receiving team at service Transition to blockers' side during rally Recommended procedure: After play, step away from post to side of net of the team at fault, then mimic first referee If second referee whistles the fault, the step must be to the side at fault NOTE: It is recommended that the second referee step to the side of the team at fault at the end of each rally. The first referee may need to hold the loss of rally signal a tick longer to allow the second referee to be in position. This will slow the signal sequence appropriately. NOTE: The second referee must always step to the offending team’s side of the net when initiating a call. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Second referee mechanics (cont’d): Scan both benches during dead balls to be attentive to timeouts, substitutions or other needed communication Serve and protect the first referee, especially as first response to coaches’ concerns; do not delay the match to entertain questions or comments regarding judgment decisions USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Second referee mechanics (cont’d): Substitution procedure Administer the substitution from the normal work area of the second referee in a location that allows the scorekeeper to clearly view the players involved in the substitution In-coming and out-going subs meet within the substitution zone (in succession, one sub at a time for multiple subs by same team) and must see the “authorization to enter” signal from the second referee prior to entering USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Second referee mechanics (cont’d): Substitution procedure (cont’d) Technique for administering simultaneous substitution requests from both teams (requires a whistle for each team’s request) After releasing substitutes, repeat substitute numbers to scorekeeper as needed Signal to first referee to indicate that play may begin, i.e., “ready” signal NOTE: When both teams request substitutions during the same dead-ball period, the second referee may need to “hold” one team’s substitution(s) until the other team’s subs have been recorded and released. NOTE: If each team submits a request (sub, timeout, etc) during the same dead ball, each team’s request must be whistled separately, even if the nature of the requests is the same, i.e., both request a substitution. NOTE: The “ready” signal is shown by raising both arms, hands above head, palms forward. This signal indicates that the scorekeeper is ready, the court is ready, all substitutes have taken their correct positions on the court, and the first referee may immediately whistle for the next serve. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Officiating Techniques & Points of Emphasis USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Techniques Communication with Coaches Remind all coaches to remain 1.75m (5’-10”) from court while ball is in play Assistant coaches may not intervene Time-out notification Substitution notification Coach’s location when requesting game interruptions Communication with Coaches: Coaches should be reminded of the requirement that they remain 1.75 meters (5’10”) from the court while the ball is in play. In addition, coaches should be notified of the consequences for failure to adhere to this rule, i.e., delay sanction. Assistant coaches have no right to intervene in the match. At the conclusion of a team’s second time-out of a set, the second referee will notify a coach or captain by displaying the time-out signal (Signal #10) and then showing two fingers. This notification may also be verbalized when appropriate. The second referee will then notify the first referee in the same manner. (See Time-out Procedures below) With the 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th team substitutions, the (second) referee will notify the coach by displaying the substitution signal (Signal # 11), followed by the number of team substitutions used during the set. (10 – clenched right fist, 11 – clenched right fist plus index finger of left hand, 12 – clenched right fist plus index and middle finger of left hand). The second referee will then notify the first referee in the same manner. It is not required by rule that a coach be positioned near the substitution zone to make a request for game interruption (substitution, time-out, line-up check, etc). Should a coach be positioned away from the substitution zone when requesting a game interruption, the referees may need to remind that coach that there is a higher likelihood that the request will be noticed and acknowledged if the coach is positioned closer to the substitution zone when making such a request. If either referee notices the request, it should be acknowledged, regardless of the coach’s proximity to the substitution zone. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Techniques Time-out Procedure Both referees point toward team bench R2’s method for notification of coach and first referee; second time-out only Not required for either referee to display time-out information at end of time-out Time-out Procedures: After signaling a time-out, both referees will indicate the team requesting the time-out be pointing toward that team’s bench. At the conclusion of a team’s second time-out in the set, the second referee will notify a coach or captain that all team time-outs have been taken by displaying the time-out signal (Signal #10) and then showing two fingers. While the second referee is communicating this information to the team, the first referee will ensure that both teams are returning to the court. The second referee will then quickly return to the proper position near the net post and then notify the first referee of the team’s time-out status in the same manner. It is not required for either referee to display team time-out information at the conclusion of each time-out unless this information is needed as a clarification. The second referee does not need to notify a team when that team has taken only one time-out in the set unless the team requests such information. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Techniques Requests for game interruptions – separate whistles Signal sequence – R1 calls; R2 calls Game captain identification Sanction procedures Requests for Set Interruption: R2 will whistle each team’s request separately. Multiple subs by same team require only one whistle. Signal Sequence: Must be clear and deliberate to avoid confusing the teams and spectators. R1 may hold loss of rally signal momentarily while R2 gets into position at end of the rally. Sequence is not given so quickly that participants or spectators are unsure of the nature of the fault. Team Captain: R2 indicates the game captain to the R1 by placing the arm in the chest area, hand open and palm facing the floor, and pointing, open hand, toward this player. Technique should also be used when captain is replaced by substitution or the Libero. Captain is encouraged to acknowledge this designation by raising a hand. Sanction Procedures: Player on court: Player must approach R1’s stand to acknowledge sanction. R1 displays the appropriate card(s) to this player and verbalizes, “This penalty (or expulsion or disqualification) is for your unsporting conduct.” Team member on bench: Game captain approaches R1; R1 indicates “This penalty (or expulsion or disqualification) is for player (or coach) ‘X’. Please inform him/her of the sanction.” Captain informs team member, who should acknowledge sanction while R1 displays the card(s). Simultaneous sanctions: For simultaneous unsporting acts by opponents, serving team member is sanctioned first, followed by receiving team member; administered following the above procedures. Delay sanctions: Captain goes to R1; R1 indicates “This [delay sanction] is for [delay action],” while displaying appropriate signal; captain informs coach as needed. For verbal (official) warnings: Verbal or hand signal warnings are accompanied by a whistle; notified directly to the “perp,” or through game captain. Multiple warnings to same team member during same set/ match are permitted for minor unsporting conduct. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Points of Emphasis Warm-ups Line judge positioning During time-out When server is near LJ’s position Service authorization Uniform numbers Warm-ups: When one team has exclusive use of the court, the opposing team may warm up with practice balls in the free zone surrounding the court but may not interfere with the warm-up of the opponent on the court, including serving practice. Line Judge Positioning: When a server takes a position within 1-2 meters of the line judge, the line judge must step behind the server along the sideline extension. After the service contact, the line judge should quickly return to the position at the intersection of the end line and sideline. During time-outs, line judges will stand at the mid-point of their respective end lines. The Serve: The server must be on the playing surface before the serve is authorized. Uniform numbers must be centered on the front and back of the team jerseys. The numbers must be a minimum of 10cm (4”) on the front and 15cm (6”) on the back. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Points of Emphasis Player equipment Towel, contacts, glasses, etc Hard plaster/fiberglass casts - ILLEGAL Bobbie pins, barrettes, etc - LEGAL Interference with play Deflecting ball through net Player contact with official Improper requests Player Equipment: If a player’s towel falls to the floor during a rally, which consequently requires a stoppage of play, a delay sanction must be issued. The rally should not be stopped unless a referee judges that a safety hazard exists. A delay sanction can be avoided if the team takes steps to mitigate the risk hazard in this situation. Player equipment (eye-glasses, contact lenses, etc.) is worn at player’s own risk (Rule 4.5.2). If stoppage of play results due to concern for safety, a delay sanction is assessed and a replay should be granted. A similar rationale, as noted above, should be used to determine if safety hazard exists. If a player is injured as his/her lenses fall to the floor, the injury takes precedence and provisions of Rule 17.1 should be applied. Hard plaster casts are not permitted, regardless of covering or padding. Bobby pins, barrettes and hard plastic headbands may be used to control the hair. Such items do not need to be covered or padded. Interference with Play: Placing a hand/hands near the net in the path of a ball to intentionally deflect the natural rebound of a ball that has been passed into the net by the opponent, results in a net fault according to interpretation of “interferes with play”. If a player contacts an official (second referee or line judge) during an attempt to legally play the ball, the first referee may award a replay if the physical interference impeded that player’s attempt. A ball that contacts an official (referee or line judge) is ruled “out” per Rule Improper Requests: A request for an illegal substitution shall result in an IR. However, if such a request is acknowledged (i.e., whistled), a delay sanction results. Despite any previous delay sanction, a team’s first IR of the match is rejected, and the IR is assessed without further sanction. An IR is signaled with a sweeping motion – the arm extended, open hand, and the palm facing away from the body on the offending team’s side of the court. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Points of Emphasis Coaches Location – 1.75m from court Assistant coaches – one at a time; 1.75m from court Disruptive coaching Coaches must remain 1.75 meters (5’10”) from the court while the ball is in play. In addition, coaches should be notified of the consequences for failure to adhere to this rule, i.e., delay sanction. Assistant Coaches: One assistant coach at a time may leave the bench to give instructions to the players on the court. During play, this assistant coach may give these instructions while standing or walking within the free zone in front of his/her team’s bench from the extension of the attack line up to the warm-up area, no closer to the court than meters (5’10”) from the sideline and its extension, without disturbing or delaying the match. Assistant coaches may not address the referees. Disruptive Coaching: includes loud or abusive language, comments to officials or to opposing teams, throwing of objects, and displaying disgust in an overt manner. USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Resources USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Referee Resources The USA Volleyball website Includes links to: USA Women’s & Men’s National Volleyball Teams 40 USAV regions National competitions for juniors and adults USAV Officials’ Division resources Downloads – rule book, casebook, rule interpretations and related officiating documents USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Referee Resources The International Volleyball Federation website Includes links to: All FIVB world competitions, including World League, World Grand Prix, the Olympic Games FIVB rulebook, casebook and refereeing guidelines Links to confederations, i.e., NORCECA (USA, Canada, Mexico, Caribbean), CEV (Europe), etc. FIVB programs, goals, history and future USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

Referee Resources Professional Association of Volleyball Officials Includes links to: Collegiate officiating information Training & Certification for collegiate officials Rule interpretations and bulletins PAVO Convention details OTP Clinics – sites and hosts Various documents related to collegiate officiating USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

USA Volleyball Referee Clinic

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