1. Some Basic Concepts of Energy Kenneth M. Klemow, Ph.D. Wilkes University Prepared for FYF 101J - Alternative Energy

2. Overview of topics Basic energy concepts Historic phases of energy production and supply Terminology pertaining to energy

3. Basic energy concepts

4. What is energy? Ability to do work Physicists distinguish between kinetic and potential energy Energy comes in different forms Radiation Mechanical energy Chemical energy Atomic energy Electromagnetic energy Electrical energy Heat energy

5. How do we measure energy? Force: Newton (N = kg x m / s²) Energy: Joule (J = N x m) Power: Watt (J / s) www.sommarskog.se

6. Is a Joule a lot or a little? The energy released when an apple falls one meter to the ground. The energy released as heat by a person at rest, every hundredth of a second. # one hundredth of the energy a person can receive by drinking a drop of beer.

7. Some conversion factors 1 calorie = 4.187 J 1 BTU = 1054 J 1 kilowatt hour = 3.60 x 10 6 J 1 barrel oil equivalent = 6.119 x 10 9 J 1 ton wood equivalent = 9.83 x 10 9 J 1 ton coal equivalent = 29.31 x 10 9 J 1 ton oil equivalent = 41.87 x 10 9 J 1 quad (PBtu) = 1.055 x 10 18 J 1 horsepower = 735.49 W

8. Laws of Thermodyamics First law: Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, can only be converted (conservation of energy) Second law: No energy conversion is perfect; always get some loss as heat.

9. Energy and power Power = energy / time 1 watt - 1 Joule / second Energy = power x time www.belmont.k12.ca.us

10. Why is living matter a source of energy? CO 2 H2OH2O C 6 H 12 O 6 Carbon reduction Energy Carbon oxidation

11. Energy needs Biblical times Move people and their possessions Agriculture and food processing Build cities Produce clothing Simple chemical transformations (e.g. metallurgy) Heating www.uncp.edu

12. Where did this energy come from? Animate sources Humans Animals Low head hydropower Biomass (woody tissue) www.uncp.edu

13. Energy needs Industrial revolution times Mechanized food production / consumption Centralized heating Transportation Lighting Textile manufacturing More complex chemical processes (e.g., glass manufacturing) mhslibrary.org/

14. Where did this energy come from? Animate sources (mainly animals) Low head hydropower Biomass (woody tissue) Coal Petroleum Low capacity wind mhslibrary.org/

15. Why we need energy Modern Transportation (personal vehicles, commercial vehicles, aviation) Automated production of goods Transport of goods Centralized heating and air conditioning Lighting Highly complex chemical processes content.answers.com

16. Where does this energy come from? Coal Petroleum Natural gas Nuclear fission High and low head hydropower Biomass (woody and herbaceous tissue) Animate sources (mainly animals) Low capacity and industrial wind Geothermal Solar collection content.answers.com

17. Terminology pertaining to modern energy Renewable vs nonrenewable Traditional vs new energy Commercialized vs non- commercialized Centralized vs distributed generation On-grid vs off-grid

18. Stages of energy flow from http://www.fao.org/docrep/u2246e/u2246e02.htm Primary energy is the energy as it is available in the natural environment, i.e. the primary source of energy. Secondary energy is the energy ready for transport or transmission. Final energy is the energy which the consumer buys or receives. Useful energy is the energy which is an input in an end-use application.

19. Stages of energy flow from http://www.fao.org/docrep/u2246e/u2246e02.htm energytechnologyexamples Primary coal, wood, hydro, dung, oil Conversion power plant, kiln, refinery, digester Secondary refined oil, electricity, biogas Transport/ transmission trucks, pipes, wires Final diesel oil, charcoal, electricity, biogas Conversion motors, heaters, stoves Useful shaft power, heat