2. Notes Courtesy of your kind & intelligent teacher, Mr. Whallen

3. Section 4.1 Alfred Wegener born 1880 Germany proposed continents were once together. He Said: 250million years ago (Mesozoic Era) Pangaea began breaking up & continents drifted to current locations. He Gave this a name…

4. Continental Drift Which is the apparent movement of the continents relative to one another over the Earth’s crust.

5. He did research to come up with PROOF for this! A. 1 st evidence: Fit of the continents. –He cut out and pieced together a crude map –He called the great ocean Panthalassa (meaning all seas) The continent was called Pangaea (meaning all lands) Continental drift animation

6. B.2 nd body of evidence: Matching rocks: Found on the following continents. 1. North Eastern N. America & Western Europe. 2. Southern N. America & North Africa. 3. South America & Africa. 4. Not enough proof!!

7. C. (3 rd body of evidence) Identical fossils found all over the world: 1. East South America & West Africa. 2. Southern North America & Northern Africa. 3. Northern North America and Europe.

8. D. 4 th evidence Climate 1. He found tropical fern fossils in Antarctica. 2. Found many fossils in climates opposite to what they would have lived. SO… He began to develop...

9. Plate Tectonics Study of, the formation and movement of rigid crustal plates across the surface of the Earth. (this movement driven by... ) He never found out, died on trek to Greenland in 1930.

10. Later in the 1960s and 70s

11. Plate Tectonics Truly Developed Scientists discovered Convection currents – movement of partly molten rock in the Asthenosphere, driven by, heated, rising material from mantle. The currents put friction on overlying layers of crust & cause plates to move.

12. Plate Boundaries Divergent

13. Divergent Boundary Divergent Boundary– where 2 plates are pulled apart. In this picture 2 ocean crusts. Here hot less dense magma rises up through the asthenosphere toward surface, causing the convection currents, & undersea EQs MID-OCEAN RIDGE -string of undersea divergent boundaries where new ocean crust is formed. Called spreading centers & are associated with mountainous areas on ocean floor

14. Plate Boundaries Convergent

15. Where 2 plates collide by moving together. SUBDUCTION ZONE area where an ocean plate dives or sinks under another ocean plate, or continental plate. Old crust is subducted and destroyed here. Dives into the Asthenosphere, melts then rises and circulates again. Volcanic islands & trenches are the most common landforms. EQ of all depths occurs. This is 2 Ocean crusts.

16. Plate Boundaries Convergent

17. This is an oceanic and continental plate subduction zone. The plates move toward each other. Volcanoes & trenches are most common landforms. Magma is generated at all subduction zones where dense oceanic plates are pushed under lighter continental plates, melted, and rises back up through the crust. Shallow, intermediate and deep EQ occur

18. Plate Boundaries Convergent

19. This convergent boundary is where 2 continental crusts collide. The rock layers are folded and bent forming mountains. The plates move toward each other. Mountains and Valleys are the common land forms

20. Plate Boundaries Transform

21. This boundary is a lateral boundary where two plates slide past each other. Earthquakes occur frequently at these boundaries. The plates can move in same direction but at different rates. Many rolling hills and shallow trenches are common. ANY TYPE OF CRUST can have be transform, its most common on earth.

22. Causes of Plate Motion 1. Convection – is why plates move, grow, get subducted. –It is the transfer of heat energy from inside (e) to surface. Hot less dense rock material rises while cool more dense rock material sinks.

23. Causes of Plate Motion 2. This convection movement pulls plates along breaking &bending them. –Causes magma to rise to surface at pulled apart locations called ridges. 3. This makes new ocean crust. 4. At same time old crust is being subducted and melted at subduction zones.

24. Growth and Change Continents Two ways continents grow –Microplate Terranes –Volcanic Eruptions Microplate Terranes- Section of crust formed elsewhere then scraped off ocean crust as plate gets subducted

25. Each Terrane has 3 characteristics: –1. Contains rock & fossils different from surrounding rock. –2. 3 major faults at boundaries of terrane –3. Magnetic properties of terrane do not match surrounding areas. *California has 10 in the San Francisco Bay area

26. This Has Been A Mr. Whallen Production