1. By: Lillian Chang, Priya Sharma, Kathy Wang, and Amanda Phan

2. The federal government was weak Shay’s Rebellion exposed the weaknesses of the government Nation’s leaders called for a stronger central government

3. Could not draft soldiers Could not tax citizens- tax revenue was dependent on state policies Not able to control interstate trade No national currency Needed approval from 9 out of 13 states to pass laws Needed unanimity to amend Articles

4. The Framers met in Philadelphia 1787 Stronger Central government was needed Virginia Plan vs. New Jersey Plan

5. Bicameral Legislature: House of Representatives Senate Representation of Slaves Three Fifth Compromise

6. A blueprint and guide for the structure of government Is vague purposely The elastic clause allows Congress to “make all laws” that appear “necessary and proper” Executive orders and agreements Judicial Review

7. Thomas Hobbes Best way to protect life was to give power to an absolute monarch John Locke Life, liberty and property were natural rights Duty of the government to protect rights Charles de Montesquieu Three branches of government Jean Jacques Rousseau Social Contract

8. Institution that creates and conducts public policy Maintains legitimate authority and control over society

9. Linkage institutions – serve to set political agenda Media Political parties Interest groups Polls

10. A small number of powerful elite form an upper class, which rules in its own self-interest.

11. Interest groups compete with each other for power and control over public policy No group or set of groups dominates Bargaining and compromise are essential to democracy

12. Too many influential groups in democracy Government is often “pulled” in many directions at the same time Causes gridlock and ineffectiveness

13. power is separated between branches of government each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches

14. Each branch is subject to restraints by the other two branches

15. Congress (Senate and House of Representatives) passes laws Bicameral Legislature Has checks over Executive Branch Has checks over Judicial Branch

16. President, Cabinet, White House Staff enforces laws Has checks over Judicial Branch Has checks over Legislative Branch

17. Supreme Court, lower courts interprets laws Has checks over Legislative Branch Has checks over Executive Branch

18. These clauses show the dominance of the national government over the states. Supremacy Clause Necessary and Proper Clause Commerce Clause

19. McCulloch vs. Maryland Gibbons vs. Odgen These court cases deal with the issues of Federalism

20. Tenth Amendment: any powers not directly stated in the Constitution are reserved to the states. From using the tenth amendment states can: Establish public schools Protect health and safety (police and fire) Regulating business Marriage laws

21. Concurrent power: ‘shared powers’ are levying and collecting taxes, creating courts, borrowing money, and having private property for public use. Interstate compact: states can form relationships with each other, like how the federal government has treaties with other countries

22. Full Faith and Credit Clause Extradition Privileges and Immunities Clause

23. Dual federalism: layer-cake federalism Cooperative federalism: marble-cake federalism Centralized federalism

24. Money provided by the federal government to the state and local governments Have a specific purpose defined by law Project grants Formula grants

25. General Can be used for a variety of purposes within a broad category Preferred by states over categorical grants

26. Requirements imposed by the federal government on the state and local governments American with Disabilities Act (1990) Often no federal funding (unfunded mandates)

27. Increases possibilities of political participation or greater access to the political process Innovation to handle policy questions Gives interest groups a strong political voice Encourages diversity on many policy questions

28. Fragmentation of politics, because of the many levels of agencies which make the process too complicated. Basic inequity in the federal system Strong state and local groups can obstruct and delay putting in national policy

29. Any questions???