1. BULLSEYE VOCABULARY
UNIT 1

2. Constitutional Underpinnings
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3. Opposed the new Constitution, feared the new Constitution would erode fundamental liberties, and argued that the new Constitution was a class-based document serving the economic elite?

4. Anti-Federalist

5. The document that outlined the voluntary agreement between states and was adopted as the first plan for a permanent union of the United States?

6. Articles of Confederation

7. The first ten Amendments to the Constitution passed after ratification specifically protecting individual liberties to fulfill promises made by the Federalists to the Anti-Federalists in return for their support?

8. Bill of Rights

9. Each branch requires the consent of the others for many of its decisions?

10. Checks & Balances

11. The plan adopted at the Constitutional Convention to provide for two chambers in Congress, one representing states equally and the other
representing states on the basis of their share of the population?

12. Connecticut Plan

13. Concept or term that means that the U. S
Concept or term that means that the U.S. government has two chambers in Congress?

14. Bicameralism

15. People must agree on who their rulers will be and the People are the primary source of government power?

16. Consent of the Governed

17. A nation’s basic law creating institutions, dividing power, and providing guarantees to citizens?

18. Constitution

19. The document used by the signers to announce and justify the Breech with their former government and specifically designed to substantiate their reasons?

20. Declaration of Independence

21. Groups of people, currently known as political parties or interest groups, who arise as a result of unequal distribution of wealth to seize the reins of government in their own interest?

22. Factions

23. A name given by James Madison to an alliance formed by two or more factions?

24. Coalition

25. Essays written to convince others to support the new constitution?

26. Federalist Papers

27. included Madison, Hamilton, and James Madison?
Argued for ratification of the Constitution by writing the Federalist Papers;
included Madison, Hamilton, and James Madison?

28. Federalist

29. Two of the most important Federalist Papers written by James Madison?

30. Federalist 10 Federalist 51

31. In Federalist 10, Madison argued this was needed to break and control the violence of Faction?

32. A well constructed Union

33. In Federalist 10, Madison argued that this was a well constructed Union?

34. Republican Form of government

35. In Federalist 10, Madison argued we needed this type of Republic?

36. Large (Extended)

37. In Federalist 51, Madison argued we needed these to be used in structuring government?

38. Checks & Balances; Separation of Powers

39. The courts have the power to decide whether the actions of the legislative and executive branches of state and national governments are in accordance with the Constitution?

40. Judicial Review

41. The Supreme Court case that established the power of Judicial Review for the Supreme Court?

42. Marbury v. Madison (1803)

43. Clear restrictions on what rulers could do; this safeguards natural rights?

44. Limited Government

45. These are rights to which people are entitled by natural law, including life,
liberty, and property?

46. Natural Rights

47. The political thinker that influenced Thomas Jefferson in creating the Declaration?

48. John Locke

49. Locke’s Idea that the government had a duty to secure people’s rights?

50. Social Contract

51. Who later penned the term Social Contract and argued that people could abolish government if it did not secure rights?

52. Jean Jacques Rousseau

53. Individual that influenced Checks and Balances and Separation of Powers to be included in our U.S. Constitution?

54. Montesquieu

55. A plan by some of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention to provide each state with equal representation in Congress?

56. New Jersey Plan

57. A system based on the consent of the governed where power is exercised by elected representatives of the public?

58. Republic

59. Each branch of government would be independent of the others?

60. Separation of Powers

61. A series of armed attacks on courthouses to prevent judges from
foreclosing on farms?

62. Shay’s Rebellion

63. Students in AP Government usually study Shay’s Rebellion to reveal these?

64. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

65. Top 7 Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

66. No Executive No Judicial 9 of 13 pass laws All to Amend Could not tax Could not regulate interstate No National Currency

67. The document where the foundations of U.S. government are written,
providing for national institutions that each have separate but not absolute powers?

68. U.S. Constitution

69. A plan by some of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention to provide each state with a share of congressional seats based on its share of the population?

70. Virginia Plan

71. This enables people who are detained by authorities to secure an immediate inquiry and reasons why they have been detained?

72. Writ of Habeas Corpus

73. Two Ways to Propose a Constitutional Amendment?

74. 1. 2/3 vote both Houses of Congress. 2
1. 2/3 vote both Houses of Congress /3 state legislatures ask congress for National Convention

75. Two Ways to Ratify a Constitutional Amendment?

76. 1. ¾ state legislatures approve 2
1. ¾ state legislatures approve 2. Conventions in ¾ of the states approve

77. Which Constitutional principle is revealed in the process to Amend the U.S. Constitution?

78. Federalism

79. A means of selecting policymakers and of organizing government so that policy represents and responds to the public’s preferences?

80. Democracy

81. Argues that society is divided along class lines and that an upper class rules on the basis of its wealth?

82. Elitist Theory

83. Institutions that make public policy for a society?

84. Government

85. Argues that too many strong influential groups cripple the government’s
ability to make coherent policy by dividing government and its authority?

86. HyperPluralism

87. where each interest uses its influence to thwart policies it opposes so
that no coalition forms a majority to establish policy?

88. Policy Gridlock

89. Institutions such as parties, elections, interest groups, and the media, which provide a connection between the preferences of citizens and the government’s policy agenda?

90. Linkage Institutions

91. Weighing the desires of the majority in choosing among policy alternatives?

92. Majority Rule

93. Protecting the rights and freedoms of the minority in choosing among policy alternatives?

94. Minority Rights

95. Argues that there are many centers of influence in which groups compete with one another for control over public policy through bargaining and compromise?

96. Pluralist Theory

97. Meeting at George Washington’s home in Mount Vernon in 1785 scheduled this meeting to discuss trade regulation. Not many attended so they scheduled another meeting?

98. Annapolis Convention

99. Agreement reached between Northern and Southern leaders during the Constitutional convention about how to count slaves in determining appropriation of Representatives to states?

100. Three-fifths Compromise

101. Thomas Jefferson, in the Declaration of Independence, referred to Locke’s Natural Rights as…

102. Inalienable Rights

103. Main goal of the American Revolution and our founding fathers?

104. Liberty

105. Meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new Constitution?

106. Constitutional Convention

107. A law that declares a person, without a trial, to be guilty of a crime.

108. Bill of Attainder

109. A law that that makes an act criminal although the act was legal when it was committed?

110. Ex Post Facto Law

111. Federalism
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112. Broad program grants given more or less automatically to states and communities, which exercise discretion in how the money is spent?

113. Block Grants

114. Grants that can be used only for specific purposes of state and local spending?

115. Categorical Grants

116. where state and the national government responsibilities are
mingled and blurred like a marble cake; powers and policies are shared?

117. Cooperative Federalism

118. Transferring responsibility for policies from the federal government to state and local governments?

119. Devolution

120. where states and the national government each remain supreme within
their own spheres of power?

121. Dual Federalism

122. The statement in the Constitution which says that Congress has the power
to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying out its duties?

123. Elastic Clause

124. Powers of Congress found in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution?

125. Enumerated Powers

126. The Constitution requires each state to return a person charged with a crime in
another state to that state for trial or imprisonment?

127. Extradition

128. A system of shared power between two or more levels of government?

129. Federalism

130. Pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system?

131. Fiscal Federalism

132. A type of categorical grant where states and local governments do not
apply for a grant but are given funds on the basis of a formula?

133. Formula Grants

134. Article IV of the Constitution requires states to provide reciprocity toward other states’ public acts, records, and civil judicial proceedings?

135. Full Faith & Credit

136. 1824 Supreme Court case which further expanded Congress’ power to regulate interstate and international commerce by defining commerce very broadly to
incorporate every form of commercial activity?

137. Gibbons v. Ogden

138. Powers beyond Congress’ enumerated powers that ensure that it can carry out its duties?

139. Implied Powers

140. A system where all power resides in the central government?

141. Unitary System

142. The term used to describe the entire set of interactions among national, state, and local governments?

143. Intergovernmental Relations

144. A system where all power resides in decentralized government?

145. Confederal System

146. 1819 Supreme Court case, which established the supremacy of the national government over the states, included both enumerated and implied powers of Congress?

147. McCulloch v. Maryland

148. The Constitution prohibits states from discriminating against citizens of other states?

149. Privileges and Immunities

150. Categorical grants awarded on the basis of competitive applications?

151. Project Grant

152. Article VI of the Constitution states that the supreme law of the land is the Constitution, the laws of the national government, and treaties?

153. Supremacy Clause

154. Specifies that powers not delegated to the national government are reserved for the state government or the people?

155. 10th Amendment

156. Powers that are not implied but are specifically written in ink and can be seen with the eyes in the Constitution?

157. Expressed Powers

158. No longer exist but had no restrictions at all on how states could spend money from the federal government?

159. Revenue Sharing

160. Another name for the Elastic Clause?

161. Necessary & Proper Clause

162. Clause that gives National government control over trade between the states; lately expanded to any economic activity?

163. Commerce Clause

164. Rule telling states what they must do whether they receive money or not; ex. ADA?

165. Federal Mandate

166. A power exercised by both state and national governments?

167. Concurrent Powers

168. Nickname for Cooperative Federalism?

169. Marble Cake Federalism

170. Nickname for Dual Federalism?

171. Layer Cake Federalism

172. The argument that states can refuse to enforce federal laws perceived as unconstitutional?

173. Nullification

174. Tug of War argument over the meaning of federalism that eventually caused the Civil War?

175. State’s Rights vs National Rights

176. Nickname for Devolution?

177. New Federalism

178. State and local officials that form groups to get Federal Grant money?

179. Intergovernmental Lobby

180. States must use this to get Categorical Grants?

181. Matching Funds

182. Requirements of states by the national government that is not financed?

183. Unfunded Mandates

184. Requirements of states by the national government in order to get funds?

185. Conditions -Of – Aid

186. Goal of President Reagan’s New Federalism?

187. Decrease size of National Government

188. Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court that strengthened the National Government?

189. John Marshall