1. Nozzles and Fire Streams Part B FVCC Fire Rescue

2. OPERATION OF FIRE STREAM NOZZLES Solid stream handline nozzles ◦Attach proper size tip to shutoff ◦Slowly open bail to bleed off air ◦Slowly open and close the nozzle using the bail

3. OPERATION OF FIRE STREAM NOZZLES Solid stream master stream nozzles ◦Position device for use ◦Check for proper tip size for volume to be delivered ◦Make sure device is secured using supplied attachment device ◦Have appliance charged ◦Elevate and/or rotate nozzle slowly for maximum reach and penetration

5. OPERATION OF FIRE STREAM NOZZLES Fog stream handline nozzle ◦Check to make sure nozzle is set to desired pattern and gallonage (if adjustable) ◦Slowly open bail to bleed off air ◦Slowly open the nozzle using the bail ◦Adjust fog pattern as desired ◦Slowly close the nozzle using the bail

7. OPERATION OF FIRE STREAM NOZZLES Fog master stream nozzles ◦Position device for use ◦Check for desired pattern and gallonage (if adjustable) ◦Make sure device is secured using supplied attachment device ◦Have appliance charged ◦Elevate an/or rotate nozzle slowly for maximum reach and penetration ◦Adjust fog pattern as desired

9. OPERATION OF FIRE STREAM NOZZLES Broken stream nozzles ◦Water curtain  Position device for use  Secure in place  Have appliance charged  Adjust so that it is spraying on exposure to be protected ◦Cellar or distributor nozzle  Position nozzle for use  Have device charged  Check for proper placement and reach  Secure or support in place so nozzle rotation does not displace it

10. OPERATION OF FIRE STREAM NOZZLES ◦Piercing nozzle  Position nozzle for penetration  Drive nozzle into position with a striking tool  Open nozzle slowly

11. BROKEN STREAM (SPECIAL PURPOSE) NOZZLES VS 13-16 Broken/Penetrating Nozzle Distributor (Cellar) Nozzle Chimney Nozzle

12. USING A DISTRIBUTOR NOZZLE VS 13-17 EffectiveIneffective

13. USING A CHIMNEY NOZZLE VS 13-18 A booster hose and nozzle are dropped down the entire length of the chimney and then pulled back out. Mist from the nozzle turns to steam and chokes the fire.

14. USING A PIERCING NOZZLE VS 13-19 Using a sledgehammer to Drive the Point of the Piercing Nozzle Through the Obstruction

15. NOZZLE PRESSURE EFFECTS Definition ◦The force of nature that makes the nozzle move in the opposite direction of the water flow. The nozzle operator must counteract the thrust exerted by the nozzle to maintain control.

16. NOZZLE PRESSURE EFFECTS Solid stream ◦Flow rate is dependant on the velocity of the stream and size of discharge opening ◦Increase of size of discharge orifice or velocity will increase flow ◦Nozzle tip size should not be more than one-half the diameter of the hose ◦The greater the discharge pressure, the greater the reach ◦Maximum horizontal reach is attained at an angle of 32 degrees ◦Vertical reach into structures is best at a 70-75 degree angle ◦Greatest vertical reach is a 90 degree angle ◦Wind will affect stream shape and reach

17. NOZZLE PRESSURE EFFECTS Fog stream ◦Flow rate is dependent on type of nozzle (constant, adjustable gallonage, automatic) pressure and stream pattern) ◦The wider the fog pattern, the shorter the reach ◦Once maximum reach has been attained, increases in nozzle pressure have little effect on reach and limited increase in volume ◦Low nozzle pressure reduces velocity, reach and volume

18. NOZZLE PRESSURE EFFECTS ◦Factors affecting reach:  Gravity  Water velocity  Pattern of nozzle  Friction of water against air  Wind

20. NOZZLE REACTION Nozzle reaction: Newton’s Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction The greater the nozzle discharge pressure, the greater the nozzle reaction

21. WATER HAMMER Definition: Sudden stopping of water flow resulting in surge of energy in opposite direction Effects: Broken pipes, hoses, pumps and hydrants Prevention: Open and close valves slowly Cause: Rapid/sudden closing of nozzles or valves

22. PROPER APPLICATION OF FIRE STREAM Fire “darkens” down Thermal layer is maintained Visibility is not decreased

23. HANDLING OF FIRE HOSE Watch for over-pressurization Operate handlines with minimum of two firefighters Remain aware of fire conditions Follow personal safety procedures

24. PREVENTING DAMAGE Methods of preventing damage ◦Open nozzles and other appliances slowly ◦Close nozzles and other appliances slowly ◦Avoid dropping nozzles and appliances ◦In cold weather, leave nozzles cracked open to prevent freezing

25. GROUND COVER FIRES Types of ground cover fires (classified by fuel) ◦Ground fuels (duff): small twigs, leaves and needles ◦Surface fuels: living surface vegetation including grass, brush and other low vegetation. ◦Aerial fuels: Suspended and upright fuels physically separated from the ground fuels to the extent that air can circulate freely around the fuels causing them to burn more readily.

26. EXTINGUISHING GROUND COVER FIRES Perimeter control ◦Control line may be established  Burning edge of the fire  Next to the edge of the fire  At a considerable distance from the fire ◦Attack methods  Direct action is taken directly against the flames  Indirect used at varying distances from the fire

27. EXTINGUISHING GROUND COVER FIRES ◦Ten Standing Orders  Fight fire aggressively but provide for safety first  Initiate all action based on current and expected fire behavior  Recognize current weather conditions and obtain forecasts  Ensure instructions are given and understood  Obtain current information of fire status

28. EXTINGUISHING GROUND COVER FIRES  Remain in communication with crew members, your supervisor and adjoining forces  Determine safety zones and escape routes  Establish lookouts in potentially hazardous situations  Retain control at all times  Stay alert, keep calm, think clearly, act decisively

29. HOW FOAM WORKS VS 13–1 Cools Suppresses Separates

30. WAYS FOAM EXTINGUISHES Separation of fuel and heat source Cooling the fuel and surrounding surfaces Suppression of flammable vapors TS 13–1

31. HYDROCARBON FUELS Petroleum based Float on water Examples ◦Crude oil ◦Fuel oil ◦Gasoline ◦Benzene ◦Naphtha ◦Jet fuel ◦Kerosene TS 13–2

32. POLAR SOLVENT FUELS Flammable liquids Mix with water Examples ◦Alcohols ◦Esters ◦Acids ◦Acetone ◦Lacquer thinner ◦Ketones TS 13–3

33. SPECIALIZED FOAM FIRES Acid spills Pesticide fires Confined- or enclosed-space fires Deep-seated Class A fires Unignited hazardous materials spills TS 13–4

34. VS 13–2 FOAM TETRAHEDRON Mechanical Agitation Mechanical Agitation Foam Concentrate Foam Concentrate Water Air

35. ELEMENTS OF FIRE FIGHTING FOAM Foam concentrate Water Air Mechanical agitation TS 13–6

36. FOAM GENERATION METHOD Water is mixed with foam concentrate to form a foam solution. The foam solution passes through the hoseline to a foam maker. The foam maker aerates the foam solution to form finished foam. TS 13–7

37. VS 13–3 COMPONENTS OF FOAM PRODUCTION Foam Proportioner Water Foam Solution Finished Foam Foam Concentrate

38. COMPONENTS OF FOAM PRODUCTION Concentrate — Raw foam liquid in storage container Proportioner — Device that introduces correct amount of foam concentrate into water stream Solution — Mixture of foam concentrate and water Foam (finished foam) — Completed product after air is mixed with solution TS 13–8

39. FOAM EXPANSION TERMS Proportioning — Mixing concentrate with water by means of a proportioning system Aeration — Mixing solution with air by means of the nozzle or expansion device Foam expansion — Increase in volume of a foam solution when it is aerated Expansion ratio — Ratio of air to solution. Example: If foam production yields 20 units of foam for every unit of foam solution, then the foam is being produced at a 20:1 expansion ratio. TS 13–9

40. FACTORS THAT AFFECT FOAM EXPANSION Type of foam concentrate used Accurate proportioning of the foam concentrate in the solution Quality of the foam concentrate Method of aspiration TS 13–10

41. FOAM EXPANSION RATIOS VS 13–4 Low-Expansion – Up to 20:1 To Extinguish Hydrocarbon & Polar Solvent Fuels For Vapor Suppression on Unignited Spills Medium-Expansion – 20:1 to 200:1 For Fuel Liquids Not Exceeding 250°F (121°C) High-Expansion – 200:1 to 1000:1 For Filling Space in Basements, Mine Shafts, Subterranean Areas Air/Solution Ratios

42. VS 13–5 HOW AFFF WORKS Water drained from foam blanket floats on hydrocarbon fuel spills. This “light water” send an air-excluding film ahead of foam blanket. AFFF can be used with fresh or salt water. AFFF is ideal for crash rescue involving spills. Foam Fuel Aqueous Film

43. VS 13–6 FOAM APPLICATION RATES AFFF FFFP Protein/ Fluoroprotein Foam ATC 0.10 gpm/ft 2 (4.1 L/min/m 2 ) for Ignited Hydrocarbons 0.16 gpm/ft 2 (6.5 L/min/m 2 ) 0.24 gpm/ft 2 (9.8 L/min/m 2 ) for Ignited Polar Solvents

44. FACTORS AFFECTING FOAM APPLICATION RATES Type of foam concentrate used Whether or not the fuel is on fire Type of fuel (hydrocarbon/polar solvent) involved Whether the fuel is spilled or in a tank (If the fuel is in a tank, the type of tank will have a bearing on the application rate) Whether the foam is applied via a fixed system or portable equipment TS 13–14

45. VS 13–7 FOAM PERCENT CONCENTRATIONS Fire fighting foam is 90 to 99% water. Hydrocarbon Fires: Polar Solvent Fires: Medium- to High- Expansion Foams: + 1% 3% 2%1.5% 6% 3% concentrate

46. PROPORTIONING CONCENTRATIONS 3% foam = 97 parts of water + 3 parts foam concentrate The unit of measure does not matter as long as both water and concentrate are measured in the same units. Class B foams are normally mixed in proportions of 1% to 6%. Class A foams can be mixed across a wider range of proportions than Class B foams. TS 13–15

47. FOAM PROPORTIONING METHODS Induction ◦Pressure energy in the water stream drafts concentrate into the fire stream. ◦Generally used with hoselines. Injection ◦An external pump or head pressure forces concentrate into the fire stream. ◦Generally used with apparatus-mounted or fixed fire protection systems. TS 13–18a

48. PROPORTIONER CLASSIFICATIONS Portable ◦In-line foam eductors ◦Foam nozzle eductors Apparatus-mounted TS 13–19

49. VS 13–8 IN-LINE EDUCTOR MECHANICS Foam Concentrate Container Pickup Tube Water/Foam Solution Hoseline In-Line Eductor Hoseline Water 6 Feet (2 m) or Less

50. EDUCTOR DISADVANTAGES In-line foam eductors — Venturi principle limits how far above concentrate the eductor can be placed. Foam nozzle eductors ◦The concentrate must be moved when the nozzle is moved. ◦Firefighters are restricted in their movements and speed of movement. ◦The concentrate may have to be abandoned if a retreat is required. TS 13–20

51. BASIC PROPORTIONING PRINCIPLES Induction — Uses eductor and pressure energy in stream of water to (induct) draft foam concentrate into fire stream Injection — Uses external pump or head pressure to (inject) force concentrate into fire stream TS 13–21

52. FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN SELECTING A PROPORTIONER Foam solution flow requirements Available water pressure Cost Intended use (from apparatus, fixed, or portable system) Agent to be used TS 13–22

53. VS 13–9 FOAM NOZZLES Fog Nozzle (Fixed-Flow or Automatic) Solid Bore Foam Air-Aspirating Foam Water-Aspirating (High-Expansion) Foam Tube

54. FOAM DELIVERY DEVICES Handline nozzles ◦Solid bore nozzles ◦Fog nozzles ◦Air-aspirating foam nozzles Medium- and high-expansion foam generating devices ◦Water-aspirating type nozzle ◦Mechanical blower generator TS 13–23

55. FOAM NOZZLE USES Solid bore nozzle — Generation of maximum-reach stream for certain types of Class A applications Fog nozzle — Generation of low-expansion, short- lasting foam for use on Class A fires or on hydrocarbon fuels with alcohol-resistant AFFF foams Air-aspirating foam nozzle — Generation of low- expansion foam for use with protein and fluoroprotein foams and Class A foams on wildland fires TS 13–24a

56. FOAM NOZZLE USES (cont.) Water-aspirating nozzle — Generation of medium- to moderately high-expansion foam with relatively low air volume Mechanical blower generator — Generation of high-expansion foam with high air volume TS 13–24b

57. FOAM PROPORTIONING METHODS (cont.) Batch-mixing ◦Concentrate is poured into water source reservoirs. ◦Used with apparatus water tank or portable water tanks and mostly on Class A fires. Premixing ◦Premeasured portions of water and concentrate are mixed in a container. ◦Used in portable and wheeled extinguishers or vehicle-mounted tank systems. TS 13–18b

58. FOAM AS AN EXTINGUISHING AGENT Components of foam ◦Air ◦Water ◦Concentrate Type of foam concentrate ◦Class B  Protein  Fluoro-protein  Film forming fluoroprotein  ATC ◦Class A  Formulation of hydrocarbon surfactants

59. EQUIPMENT NEEDED FOR FOAM APPLICATION Foam equipment ◦Eductors  In line  Bypass ◦Nozzles  Low expansion  Medium expansion  Fog

60. EQUIPMENT NEEDED FOR FOAM APPLICATION ◦Compressed air foam systems (CAFS)  Used for Class A foams ◦Foam application  Bank-in or roll on ◦ Direct foam stream on the ground before fire and roll onto fire ◦ Continue application until entire surface of fuel is covered and fire is extinguished ◦ Use only on a pool of liquid fuel on the open ground (spill or fire)

61. EQUIPMENT NEEDED FOR FOAM APPLICATION  Bank-back, bounce-off, bank-down, or deflection ◦ Foam stream is banked off a wall or other object and rolls down or back onto the spill or fire ◦ Continue application until entire surface of fuel is covered and fire is extinguished ◦ Uses primarily in dike fires and around damaged or overturned transport vehicles

62. EQUIPMENT NEEDED FOR FOAM APPLICATION  Rain-down or snowflake ◦ Foam is sprayed high in the air and floats down onto spill or fire ◦ Continue application until entire surface of fuel is covered and fire is extinguished ◦ Used when other two methods are not feasible ◦ Primary manual application technique for above ground storage tanks

63. VS 13–10 ATTACKING A CLASS B FIRE WITH FOAM Roll-On Rain-Down Bank-Down

64. ROLL-ON METHOD OF APPLYING FOAM Used on ignited or unignited pool of liquid fuel on open ground Applied on ground near leading edge of spill, with foam flowing over the surface until the spill is covered and the fire is extinguished TS 13–26

65. BANK-DOWN METHOD OF APPLYING FOAM Used in dike fires and fires involving spills around damaged or overturned tank vehicles when an appropriate structure is available Directed against a structure above the fuel and allowed to run down onto the fire TS 13–27

66. RAIN-DOWN METHOD OF APPLYING FOAM Used on large area fires Directed into the air over the fire and allowed to float down onto the involved area TS 13–28

67. VS 13–11 APPLYING PROTEIN FOAM Get close. Apply gently. Apply indirectly, allowing to spread over fuel. Do not plunge into fuel.

68. VS 13–12 SUBSURFACE FLUOROPROTEIN INJECTION Fluoroprotein Foam – Will shed hydrocarbon fuels. Is suited for plunge application. Can be applied from a distance, and Can be injected at base of storage tank. Product Line Foam Pumper Hydrant

69. VS 13–13 APPLYING FOAM BELOW GRADE High-Expansion Foam in Basement Fire

70. FOAM USE HAZARDS Health ◦Foams may irritate skin and eyes ◦Vapors may be harmful if ingested or inhaled ◦Foams may obstruct vision or affect footing Equipment damage — Foams may corrode equipment that has come into contact with foam or foam components Environmental — Foam residue may reduce oxygen while degrading TS 13–29