1. Table of Contents Conserving Land and Soil
Waste Disposal and Recycling
Water Pollution and Solutions
Air Pollution and Solutions
Global Changes in the Atmosphere

2. Identifying Main Ideas
Conserving
Land and Soil
Identifying Main Ideas
As you read the section “Types of Land Use,” write the main idea in a graphic organizer like the one below. Then write three supporting details that give examples of the main idea.
Main Idea
Three uses that change the land are…
Detail
Detail
Detail
Agriculture
Mining
Development

3. Conserving Land and Soil
Types of Land Use Pg. 633
1. Concept Map:
Agriculture
Mining
Development
2. Why can less than a third of Earth’s land be farmed?
The rest is too dry, wet, salty, or mountainous
3. List three ways that new farmland can be created.
Clearing forests
Draining wetlands
Irrigating deserts
4. The construction of buildings, roads, bridges, dams, and other structures is called _____.
development

4. Conserving Land and Soil
5. Choices that is are a result of development.
Decrease in farmland
Decrease in wildlife habitats
6. the removal of nonrenewable resources from the land is called ____.
mining
7. Venn Diagram:
Strip Mining
Underground Mining
8. Strip mining involves carrying minerals up through shafts dug in the ground.
False

5. Conserving Land and Soil
The Structure of Soil Pg. 634
9. The way people depend on soil.
To provide plants with nutrients
To store and filter water
to break down wastes
to recycle chemical substances needed for life
10. Part of the structure of fertile soil.
Litter
Topsoil
Subsoil
Bedrock

6. Conserving Land and Soil
11. Litter B- Dead leaves and grass. 12. Topsoil C- Rock fragments, nutrients, water, air, and decaying animal and plant matter. 13. Subsoil A- Rock fragments, water, and air 14. The rock that makes up Earth’s crust is called ____. bedrock

7. Conserving Land and Soil
15. It takes about ten years to form a few centimeters of new soil. False 16. How is bedrock broken down to form soil? Freezing and thawing break apart the bedrock. Both plant roots wedged between rocks and chemicals released by lichens break the rocks into smaller pieces. Animals such as earthworms and moles help grind the rock into even smaller particles.

8. Soil Management Conserving Land and Soil
Poor soil management can result in erosion, nutrient depletion, and desertification. The advance of desert-like conditions into areas that previously were fertile is called desertification.

9. Conserving Land and Soil
Soil Management Pg
17. List three problems that can result from poor soil management.
Erosion
Nutrient depletion
Desertification
18. The process by which water, wind, or ice moves particles of rocks or soil is ____.
erosion
19. List the soil conservation practice that is shown in the drawing.
Terracing

10. Conserving Land and Soil
20. The process of soil becoming less fertile is called ____. nutrient depletion 21. Leaving fields fallow C- Leaving fields unplanted 22. Applying fertilizer A- Adding nutrients that help crops grow better 23. Crop rotation B- Planting different crops in a field each year

11. Conserving Land and Soil
24. What is desertification? It is the advanced of desert-like conditions into areas that previously were fertile. 25. In the past 50 years, a large amount of land is undergone desertification. true 26. Flowchart: Drought occurs Crops fail Soil blows away

12. Conserving Land and Soil
27. The process of restoring land to a more natural, productive state is called _____. land reclamation 28. Land reclamation is currently underway all over the world. True 29. It is easier to restore damaged land and soil than it is to protect them. False

13. Conserving Land and Soil
30. How can an open mine be restored to agricultural land? The mining cuts are smoothed out, then the subsoil and topsoil that had been removed before mining are replaced. Finally, grass and trees are planted.

14. Click the Video button to watch a movie about soil.
Conserving
Land and Soil
Soil
Click the Video button to watch a movie about soil.

15. Click the SciLinks button for links on erosion.
Conserving
Land and Soil
Links on Erosion
Click the SciLinks button for links on erosion.

16. End of Section: Conserving Land and Soil

17. Asking Questions Waste Disposal and Recycling
Before you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a why, what, or how question for each heading. As you read, write the answers to your questions.
Question
Answer
What is the problem with waste disposal?
Each disposal method has advantages and disadvantages.
What is recycling?
Reclaiming raw materials and reusing them to create new
products
How can people help control the solid waste problem?
Reduce, reuse, and recycle.
Some are explosive, flammable, corrosive, or radioactive.
Why are some wastes hazardous?

18. The Problem of Waste Disposal
and Recycling
The Problem of Waste Disposal
Billions of tons of municipal solid waste are created in the United States each year. More than one third of that waste is paper.

19. The Problem of Waste Disposal
and Recycling
The Problem of Waste Disposal
A sanitary landfill holds municipal solid waste, construction debris, and some types of agricultural and industrial waste.

20. Waste Disposal and Recycling
The Problem of Waste Disposal Pg
What is municipal solid waste?
It is the waste produced in homes, businesses, schools, and other places in a community.
2. What are other sources of solid waste?
Other sources include construction debris and certain agricultural and industrial wastes.
3. List three methods of handling solid waste.
Burning
Burying
Recycling

21. Waste Disposal and Recycling
4. Sentences that are true about incineration.
It refers to the burning of solid waste.
It can be used to generate electricity.
5. A place where solid waste is buried is called a(n) ____.
landfill
6. A polluted liquid that forms when rain water dissolves chemicals in landfill waste is referred to as _____.
leachate

22. Waste Disposal and Recycling
7. How does a sanitary landfill differ from an open dump?
Unlike an open dump, a sanitary landfill is constructed to safely hold solid waste.
8. Venn Diagram:
Landfills
Incinerators
Recycling Pg
9. What is recycling?
It is the process of reclaiming raw materials and reusing them.
10. Recycling reduces the volume of solid waste.
True

23. Waste Disposal and Recycling
11. A substance that can be broken down and recycled by bacteria and other decomposers is said to be ____.
biodegradable
12. List the four major categories of products that are recycled.
Metal
Plastic
Glass
Paper
13. What are some common metal objects that can be recycled?
Objects include metal desks, scissors, staples, paper clips, soda cans, house siding, and window screens.

24. Waste Disposal and Recycling
14. What products can be made from recycled plastic milk jugs and soda bottles?
Products include fiber filling for sleeping bags, fleece jackets, carpeting, park benches, shower stalls, floor tiles, trash cans, and dock pilings.
15. Glass is one of the most difficult products to recycle.
False
16. Why can paper be recycled only a few times?
Each time paper is recycled, the new paper is rough.
17. Sentences that are true about recycling.
It conserves resources.
It saves energy.

25. Waste Disposal and Recycling
18. Concept Map:
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
19. Helping natural decomposition processes break down waste is called ____.
composting
20. How can compost be used?
It can be used as a natural fertilizer for plants.

26. Waste Disposal and Recycling
Hazardous Wastes Pg Hazardous waste is any material that can harm human health or the environment. True 22. Toxic C- waste that poisonous 23. Explosive A- waste that reacts very quickly 24. Flammable D- waste that easily catches fire 25. Corrosive B- waste that dissolves many materials

27. Waste Disposal and Recycling
26. Some radioactive waste can remain dangerous for thousands of years. True 27. A person can be exposed to hazardous wastes only by eating or drinking them. False 28. Long-term exposure to hazardous wastes can be life threatening.

28. Waste Disposal and Recycling
29. List the methods of hazardous waste disposal.
Burial in landfills
Incineration
Breakdown by living organisms
Storage in deep rock layers
30. Scientists have been able to develop completely safe and permanent methods for disposing of radioactive wastes.
False

29. Waste Disposal and Recycling
31. How are some radioactive wastes currently stored? They are stored in vaults dug hundreds of meters underground or in concrete and steel containers above ground. Liquid radioactive wastes may be stored in deep rock layers. 32. The best way to manage hazardous wastes is to produce less of them in the first place. True 33. What can you do at home to reduce hazardous wastes? You can find substitutes for some hazardous household chemicals such as insect sprays.

30. Sanitary Landfill Activity
Waste Disposal
and Recycling
Sanitary Landfill Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about sanitary landfills.

31. End of Section: Waste Disposal and Recycling

32. Previewing Visuals Water Pollution and Solutions
Before you read, preview Figure 13. Then write two questions that you have about the diagram in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, answer your questions.
Water Pollution
Q. What are some household causes of water pollution?
A. Water and human wastes that are washed down sinks, toilets, and showers
Q. What is sediment?
A. Rock and sand that has been eroded by water

33. Water Pollution Water Pollution and Solutions
Wastes produced by households, agriculture, industry, mining, and other human activities can end up in water.

34. Water Pollution and Solutions
Water-A Limited Supply Pg
Sentences that are true about Earth’s water supply.
Water is a scarce resource
Salt water cannot be used for drinking or watering crops.
About three quarters of Earth’s fresh water is in the form of ice.
2. Water stored in layers of soil and rock beneath Earth’s surface is called _____.
groundwater
3. How does the water cycle purify water?
During the water cycle, water evaporates from oceans, lakes, and rivers. As it evaporates any dissolved substances are left behind. The pure water vapor condenses into droplets that fall as precipitation.

35. Waste Disposal and Recycling
4. What is a drought?
A period when less rain than normal falls in an area.
Water Pollution Pg
5. Substances that cause pollution are called ____.
pollutants
6. How can pollution affect water in areas far from its source?
Pollutants dissolve and move throughout a body of water.
7. Most water pollution is the result of human activities.
True

36. Waste Disposal and Recycling
8. List four human activities that produce wastes that can end up in water.
Agriculture
Industry
Households
Mining
9. The water and human wastes that are washed down sinks, toilets, and showers are called ____.
sewage
10. List three kinds of agricultural wastes.
Animal wastes
Fertilizer
Pesticides

37. Waste Disposal and Recycling
11. Particles of rock and sand in running water are called _____. sediments 12. How do sediments affect organisms in water? They cover up food sources, nesting sites, and eggs of organisms. They also block sunlight, which prevents algae and plants from growing. 13. How can hot water cause pollution? Heated water can change the temperature of a body of water and kill organisms living there.

38. Waste Disposal and Recycling
Keeping Water Clean Pg
14. Concept Map:
Proper sewage
Reduction of Pollutants
Effective cleanup of oil and gasoline spills
15. Few communities treat wastewater before returning it to the environment.
False
16. Primary Treatment
B- Using filters to remove solid materials
17. Secondary Treatment
A- Using bacteria to break down wastes

39. Waste Disposal and Recycling
18. What are two ways industries can reduce pollution? They can recycle wastes to recover useful materials and they can change their processes to produce less waste or less harmful waste. 19. Oil is a pollutant that nature can handle in small amounts. True 20. How do bacteria break down oil in the ocean? When oil is present, the bacteria multiply quickly and feed on the oil. 21. Gasoline or oil that leaks from an underground tank is easy to clean up. False

40. Waste Disposal and Recycling
22. How can polluted groundwater be cleaned up? Groundwater can be pumped to the surface, treated, and then returned underground. 23. How can individuals prevent water pollution? They can prevent pollution by not pouring household chemicals, such as paint thinners and motor oil, down the drain.

41. More on Cleaning Up Oil Spills
Water Pollution
and Solutions
More on Cleaning Up Oil Spills
Click the Planet Diary button for an activity about cleaning up oil spills.

42. End of Section: Water Pollution and Solutions

43. Relating Cause and Effect
Air Pollution
and Solutions
Relating Cause and Effect
As you read, identify three causes of air pollution. Write the information in a graphic organizer like the one below.
Causes
Factory and power plant emissions
Effect
Emissions from automobiles and trucks
Air pollution
Indoor air pollutants such as toxic chemicals

44. Air Pollution and Solutions
Pollutants that are released into the air are called ____.
emission
2. What is the largest source of emissions that cause air pollution today?
The largest source is motor vehicles.
3. Name one natural cause of air pollution.
One natural cause is an erupting volcano.
Smog Pg. 655
4. A thick brownish haze formed when certain gases in the air react with sunlight is called _____.
photochemical smog

45. Air Pollution and Solutions
5. The major sources of photochemical smog are the gases emitted by factories. False 6. What is the major chemical found in smog? Ozone is the major chemical found in smog. 7. What is a temperature inversion? It is a condition in which a layer of warm air prevents cooler rising air from escaping into higher parts of the atmosphere.

46. Air Pollution and Solutions
8. Which layer of air shown in the drawing is the warmest during a temperature inversion? Layer B is the warmest 9. Why does a temperature inversion make smog more concentrated and dangerous? A temperature inversion traps polluted air and holds it closed to Earth’s surface. 10. What are the health effects of smog? Smog can irritate people’s eyes and throats, cause breathing problems, and harm the body’s defenses against infection.

47. Air Pollution and Solutions
Acid Rain Pg. 656
11. Precipitation that is more acidic than normal because of air pollution is called _____.
acid rain
12. Flowchart:
Bottom: Sulfur oxides
Right: Nitric oxides
13. What are the effects of acid rain?
Acid rain kills many fish and their eggs, damages plants, destroys forests, reacts with stone and metal in buildings and statues, and makes automobiles rust more quickly.

48. Indoor Air Pollution Air Pollution and Solutions
Some substances that cause indoor air pollution, such as dust and pet hair, bother only those people who are allergic to them. Other indoor air pollutants, such as toxic chemicals, can affect anyone.

49. Air Pollution and Solutions
Indoor Air Pollution Pg. 657
14. What substances cause indoor air pollution?
It’s caused by dust, pet hair, tobacco smoke, glues, and cleaning supplies.
15. Sentences that are true about carbon monoxide.
It is colorless and odorless
16. Sentences that are true about radon.
It may cause cancer
It is radioactive.
Reducing Air Pollution pg
17. The key to reducing air pollution is to control ____.
emission

50. Air Pollution and Solutions
18. Venn Diagram:
Scrubbers
Catalytic Converters
19. Why does using less energy reduce air pollution?
Using less energy reduces the amount of fuels that are burned, and this reduces air pollution.

51. Reducing Air Pollution
and Solutions
Reducing Air Pollution
The key to reducing air pollution is to control emissions. A smokestack scrubber removes pollutants such as sulfur dioxide from emissions.

52. Click the Planet Diary button for an activity about air pollution.
and Solutions
More on Air Pollution
Click the Planet Diary button for an activity about air pollution.

53. End of Section: Air Pollution and Solutions

54. Global Changes in the Atmosphere
Outlining
As you read, make an outline about global atmospheric changes that you can use for review. Use the red headings for the main ideas and the blue headings for the supporting ideas.
Global Changes in the Atmosphere
The Thinning of the Ozone Layer
The Source of Ozone
The Ozone Hole
What’s Being Done
Global Climate Change
The Greenhouse Effect
Global Warming
Possible Consequences
The Difficulty of Predicting Climate Change

55. Ozone Cycle Global Changes in the Atmosphere
When ultraviolet radiation from the sun strikes an ozone molecule, the ozone molecule splits into an oxygen molecule and a free oxygen atom.

56. Global Changes in the Atmosphere
The Thinning of the Ozone Layer Pg
A layer of the upper atmosphere that protects people from the effects of too much ultraviolet radiation is the _____.
ozone layer
2. Ozone is constantly being made and destroyed.
True
3. What is the major cause of the ozone hole?
The major source is a group of gases called chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, that were used in many household products.

57. Air Pollution and Solutions
4. What products contained chlorofluorocarbons?
Products include refrigerators, air conditioners, fire extinguishers, and aerosol spray cans.
Global Climate Change Pg
5. What is the greenhouse effect?
It is the trapping of heat near Earth’s surface in the atmosphere
6. Drawing:

58. Global Climate Change Global Changes in the Atmosphere
The trapping of heat near Earth’s surface is called the greenhouse effect.

59. Air Pollution and Solutions
7. What is the theory of global warming?
The theory predicts that increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will cause Earth’s average temperature to continue to rise.
8. Sentences that are true about consequences of global warming.
There might be more severe storms.
Parts of the polar ice cap would melt, causing increased flooding.
It would affect climate patterns all over the world.

60. Air Pollution and Solutions
Key Terms:
1. Fertilizer
2. Development
3. Subsoil
4. Leachate
5. Groundwater
6. Pollutant
7. Pesticide
8.Erosion
9. Recycling
10.Bedrock
11. Topsoil
12. Incineration

61. Calculating a Concentration
Global Changes
in the Atmosphere
Calculating a Concentration
Levels of pollutants are often written as concentrations. A concentration is a ratio that compares the amount of one substance to the amount of another substance. For example, suppose that the concentration of ozone in part of the atmosphere is 3 parts per million. This means that there are 3 molecules of ozone in 1,000,000 molecules of air. This ratio can be written in three other ways:
3:1,000,000
3 to 1,000,000

62. Calculating a Concentration
Global Changes
in the Atmosphere
Calculating a Concentration
Practice Problem
Express each of these concentrations in three different ways.
7 parts per hundred
7 : 100
7 to 100

63. Calculating a Concentration
Global Changes
in the Atmosphere
Calculating a Concentration
Practice Problem
Express each of these concentrations in three different ways.
25 parts per billion
25 : 1,000,000,000
25 to 1,000,000,000

64. Chlorine Levels Global Changes in the Atmosphere
The line graph shows a scientist's measurements and predictions of how the ban on CFCs might affect chlorine levels in the atmosphere. The red line shows the levels of chlorine without the ban on CFCs. The blue line shows the levels with the ban on CFCs.

65. Chlorine Levels Global Changes in the Atmosphere Reading Graphs:
What variable is plotted on the horizontal axis? What variable is plotted on the vertical axis?
Year; chlorine level

66. Chlorine Levels Global Changes in the Atmosphere Interpreting Data:
Which graphed line shows rising levels of chlorine? What trend does the other line show?
The red line; the blue line shows gradually diminishing chlorine levels.

67. Chlorine Levels Global Changes in the Atmosphere Inferring:
Why do the two lines start at the same point?
The ban did not exist in 1985, so prediction of the levels without the ban could not be made before then.

68. Chlorine Levels Global Changes in the Atmosphere Drawing Conclusions:
How does the relationship between the two lines change?
The difference in chlorine levels becomes greater over time.

69. Click the Video button to watch a movie about
Global Changes
in the Atmosphere
Ozone Hole
Click the Video button to watch a movie about
the ozone hole.

70. Links on Changes in Climate
Global Changes
in the Atmosphere
Links on Changes in Climate
Click the SciLinks button for links on changes in climate.

71. End of Section: Global Changes in the Atmosphere

72. Graphic Organizer Air pollution Indoor Outdoor Dust Toxic chemicals
can be
can be
Outdoor
Indoor
includes
is caused by
Dust
Toxic chemicals
Smog
Radon
Acid rain
Carbon monoxide
is caused by
is caused by
Cigarette smoke
Pet hair
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur oxides
Ozone

73. End of Section: Graphic Organizer