1. TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY

2. FOLLOWING ARE THE MAJOR TYPES OF EQUIPMENTS THAT IS BEING USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

3. STAGETYPE OF WORKMACHINERIES PRELIMENARY SITE DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION SUPER STRUCTURE WATERBODIES MANAGEMENT,FINISHING TUNNELINING CANALS TUNNELING CANALS ROAD MAKING, ASPHALTING EARTH MOVING EXCAVATING, GRABBING,CLEARANCE SHORT TRANSPORTATION OF SOIL LONG RANSPORTATION COMPACTING, EXCAVATING LOADING DIGGING DEWATERING ROCK BREAKING CONCREATING MATERIAL HANDLING PLASTERING STONE CUTTING DRILLING, DIGGING EARTH MOVING CONSTRUCTION OF PAVEMENT SURFACE FINISHING DOZERS TRACK OR WHEELED SCRAPPERS DUMPERS, TIPPERS HEAVY ROLERS SHEEP FOOT ROLLERS VIBRATING ROLLERS COMPACTING MACHINE PUMPS POWE HAMMERS COMPOSITE MACHINES PNEUMATIC TOOLS MIXERS,CONVAYOR BELTS,AGITATORS, VIBRATORS TOWER CRANES, MOBILE CRANES PLASTERING MACHINES POWER SAWS AIR COMPRESSORS, EXCAVATORS, BACK HOE, MOTER GRADERS, PAVERS HOT MIXER PLANT

4. DOZER TRACK

6. SCRAPER

7. DUMPER

8. TIPPER

9. HEAVY ROLLER SHEEP FOOT ROLLER VIBRATING ROLLER

10. POWER HAMMER

11. PNEUMATIC TOOLS

12. MIXER, CONVEYOR BELT

13. CONVEYOR BELT

14. PRIMARY EARTH EXCAVATING EQUIPMENT S ARE THE TRACTOR MOUNTED EXCAVATORS.IT OPERATES ON STATIONARY MOOD.THEY DUMP EXCAVATED MATERIALS ON THE SIDES OR DIRECTILY INTO THE WAITING TIPPERS /DUMP TRACK THEY GRADUALLY MOVE THE POSITION AS THE WORK PROGRESS

15. FACE SHAVELS IT OPERATES FROM A FLAT SURFACE,PRODUCING UPWORD DIGGING ACTION,EXCAVATING AND FILLING THE BUCKET AS IT CLIMBES.AFTER THE BUCKET FILLED ITS UPPER PART SWING S TO THE DUMPING POSITION WHER THE BUCKET EMPTIED IN A WAITING TRUCK. THERE AFTER IT RETURNS TO ITS ORIGINAL POSITION AND STARTS THE NEXT CYCLE OF EXCAVATION. BUCKET CAPACITY VARIES FROM 0.3M3 TO 3.25M3 AND ITS CUTTING LENGTH VARIES FROM 7M TO 10.5M

16. FACE SHOVEL

17. BACK HOE OR EXCAVATORS IT IS PRIMARILY USED FOR EXCAVATING BELOW ITS TRACK LEVELS BACK HOE ARE GENERALLY TRACK MOUNTED BUT SMALL CAPACITY EQUIPMENT HAVE WHEEL MOUNTED TO ADD TO THEIR MOBILITY BUCKETS HAVING STRUCK CAPACITY 0.38 M3 TO 3.25M3 CAPABILITY OF DIGGING DEPTH FROM 5M TO 9.5 M.

18. BACK HOE

19. EARTH EXCAVATING AND FITTING EQUIPMENT TYPE OF EQUIPMENT FEATUREBUCKET STRUCK CAPACITY 1. FACE SHOVELMAXIMUM CUTTING Ht(M) IDEAL OUTPUT /Hr (LOOSE, EASY DIGGING) 7.07.0 7.0 7.5 8.5 10. 6090 120 180 220 300 2. BACK HOE OR EXCAVATER MAXIMUM DIGGING DEPTH (M) IDEAL OUTPUT / HR 5.06.5 7.5 8.0 9.0 9.0 4872 96 144 176 240 BUCKET SIZE 0.38 0.57 0.76 1.14 1.53 2.30 ENGINE HP 50 75 100 130 160 200

20. OUTPUT PLANNING DATA PLANNED OUTPUT = IDEAL OUTPUT * CORRECTION FACTOR * PERFORMANCE FACTOR IDEAL OUTPUT = BUCKET OUTPUT/CYCLE* NO OF CYCLES/HR BUCKET OUTPUT /CYCLE = BUCKET STRUCK CAPACITY NO OF CYCLES = 60/EACH CYCLE TIME IN MIN

21. CORRECTION FACTOR OUTPUT ADJUSTMENT FACTOR FOR SECONDARY TASK EQUIPMENTNATURE OF SECONDARY TASK TASK n SHOVELMOVEMENT FROM EXCAVATING PLACE TO MALVADING PLACE TASK n 1.WITHIN VICINITY 1.0 2. LITTLE MOVEMENT0.6 TO 0.9 3. APPRECIABLE MOVEMENT0.4 TO 0.6 BACK HOE TRENCHING 1. EQUAL TO BUCKET WIDTH 1.0 2. MORE THAN BUCKET WIDTH 0.7 TO 0.9

22. CORRECTION FACTOR EQUIPMENT FACTOR MULTIPLIES FACE SHOVEL 1.00 BACK HOE 0.80 SOIL DIGGING FACTOR DIGGING EFFORTFACTOR MULTIPLIES EASY DIGGING 1.00 MEDIUM DIGGING 0.85

23. SWING FACTOR ANGLE OF SWING 45607590120150180 FACTOR VALUE 1.21.161.071.00.880.790.71 LOAD CASTING FACTOR METHOD OF CASTING FACTOR MULTIPLIES OPEN AREA RESTRICTED AREA SIDE CASTING 1.0 0.8 LOADING IN VEHICLE 0.8 0.6

24. EXAMPLE ESTIMATE THE HOURLY PRODUCTION IN BULK VOL (CCM) OF A BACK HOE WITH BUCKET CAPACITY OF 0.96cum EMPLOYED ON EXCAVATION OF A FOUNDATIN FOUR METRES DEEP IN HARD DIGGING SOIL. THE EXCAVATED EARTH IS TO BE LOADED IN WAILING DUMP TRACKS PLACED AT A SWING ANGLE OF 75. THE EXPECTED PERFORMANCE IS 83% IDEAL OUTPUT ASSUMED – 150 CUBIC M/HR BACKHOE OUTPUT USING EQUIPMT CONVERSION = A* 0.8

25. CORRECTION FACTOR SOIL FACTOR FOR HARD DIGGING - 0.67 FOOD FACTOR FOR LOADING INTO VEHICLE - 0.87 SWING FACTOR FOR 75 - 1.05 CORRECTION FACTOR = 0.67*0.87*1.05 = 0.56 PERFORMANCY n = 0.83 HENCE EXPECTED OUTPUT = IDEAL OUTPUT * CORRECTION FACTOR * PERFORMANCE n = 150*0.8*0.56*0.83 = 56 cubm/hr

26. HAULING EQUIPMENT REAR DUMPER TIPPER AND REAR DUMPER TRICULOR AS HIGH WAY HAULING GENERALLY FRONT END LOADERS AND EXCAVATORS ARE USED TO LOAD TIPPERS AND DUMPERS THE NO OF HAULAGE VEHICLE REQUIRED = 1 + CYCLE TIME / TRIP OF VEHICLE/LOAD FILLING TIME OF VEHICLE

27. HAULING EQUIPMENT

28. PROBLEM CONSTRUCTION OF A MILITARY HELIPAD AT AN ATTITUDE OF 2400 m INVOLVES 80,000 CUBM (LOOSE) OF AREA EXCAVATION OF SOFT SOIL. THE TASK IS TO BE COMPLETED IN 200 WORKING HRS. THE COMPANY ENTRUSTED WITH THE EXECUTION OF THE TASK HAS TOO DOZER EACH WITH AN OUTPUT OF 220CUBM/HR UNDER JOB CONDITION. IT ALSO HOLDS WHEELAND 22 CUBM DUMP TRUCKS ONE LOADER CAN LOAD IN TRUCKS BOUT 120CUBM OF EXCAVATED SOIL/Hr THE DUMP TRUCK CYCLE TIME FOR DISPOSED OF EXCAVATED MATERIALS IN 35 MINUTES. THIS INCLUDES 7 MINUTES OF LOADING TIME BY A LOADER TEAM CONSISTING OF 2 LOADERS

29. ESTIMATE THE OUTPUT OF FRONT END LOADER FOR LOADING EXCAVATED SOIL HEAP INTO DUMP TRUCKS AND DETERMINE APPROXIMATELY THE NO OF DOZERS, LOADERS AND DUMPERS REQUIRED TO COMPLTE THE TASK ON TIME

30. ATTITUDE AT HEIGHT OF 2400 cm THE SOIL REQUIRED FOR HELIPAD IS 80888 CUBcm TIME PERIOD OF COMPLETION – 200 HRS MACHINERIES USED DOZERS - 2NOS OUTPUT OF EACH DOZER IS 220CUBM/HR ALSO WHEEL LOADER MACHINE IS USED CAPACITY OF EACH BUCKET IS 22CUBM WHEEL LOADER OUTPUT/HR – 120CUBM/HR EACH CYCLE TIME OF DUMP TRUCK – 35 MIN TIME OF FRONT END LOADER ? NO OF DOERS, LOADERS,DUMPER?

31. NOW OUTPUT/HR OF EACH DOZER 220CUBM/HR TOTAL WORKING HR OF EACH DOZER – 200 OUTPUT = 220 * 200 = 44000 CUBM EXCAVATION QUANTITY = 80000CUBM NO OF DOZERS = 80000/44000 = 1.8 i.e 2 DOZER

32. LOADERS REQUIRED = EXCAVATION /HR BY DOZERS/ LOADER OUTPUT /HR = NO OF DOZERS*DOZEROUTPUT/HR LOADER OUTPUT /HR = 2*220/120 = 4 LOADERS 1 DOZER = 2 LOADER (1 TEAM) 2 TEAMS

33. DUMPERS REQUIRED FOR EACH LOAD OF TEAM = 1 + DUMPER CYCLE TIME LOADING TIME = 1+ 35/7 = 1+5 = 6 TOTAL DUMPERS REQUIRED = 6*2 = 12

34. LOADER FRONT END WHEEL LOADER ARE GENERALLY AVAILABLE AND THEY ARE EQUIPPED WITH A FRONT MOUNTED GENERAL PURPOSE BUCKET EACH TRANSPORTER FOR SHORT DISTANCE IT IS AVAILABLE AS WHEEL MOUNTED AND TRACK MOUNTED IT CAN SPREAD AND COMPACT THE FILLING MATERIAL

35. OUTPUT DATA THE OUTPUT DEPENDS UPON THE SIZE OF BUCKET AND HP OF ENGINE BUCKET CAPACITY ARE SPECIFIED BY THE MANUFACTURER EITHER IN TERMS OF HEAPED CAPACITY OR STRUCK CAPACITY PLANNING IN MODE ON LOOSE SOIL STRUCK CAPACITY OF THE BUCKET HEAPED CAPACITY IS CONVERTED TO STRUCK CAPACITY BUCKET CAPACITY = BUCKET HEAPED CAPACITY * FILL FACTOR

36. FILL FACTOR NATURE OF SOILBUCKET FILL FACTOR COMMON EARTH 0.95 SAND AND GRAVEL 0.95 HARD CLAY 0.80 BLASTED ROCK 0.70

37. BULL DOZER IT IS ONE OF THE HEAVY EARTH MOVING MACHINERY USED FOR, IT COME UNDER EARTH CUTTING AND HAULING EQUIP. 1.DITCHING 2.GRUBBING 3.STUMPING 4.PIONEERING 5.STRIPPING 6.MOVING AND LEVELLING

38. BULL DOZER IT IS TO CUT AND SHIFT EARTH FROM ONE PLACE TO OTHER. THEY ARE AVAILABLE WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF BLADES IT IS A VERSATILE MACHINE BULL DOZER IS USED TO MOVE EARTH UPTO 100m EXCAVATING TO A SHALLOW DEPTH OF 200m AT A TIME OTHER TYPES OF EARTH CUTTING AND HAULING EQUIP 1.FRONT END LOADER 2.TOWED SCRAPER 3.MOTORISED SCRAPER

39. BULL DOZER

40. IT COMES UNDER DIFFERENT TYPES OF BLADES(4NO) “S” BLADE STRAIGHT USED FOR FORWARD PUSHING OF EARTH “U” BLADE IT HAS LARGE CAPACITY AND IS USED FOR PUSHING LOOSE MATERIAL ANGLE “A” BLADE FOR PUSHING SOIL TO ONE SIDE, IT IS REQUIRED IN HILL ROAD FORMATION CUTTING “P” BLADE FOR PUSH LOADING A SCRAPPER

41. BULL DOZER OUTPUT DOZER OPTIMUM OUTPUT = DOZER IDEAL OUTPUT * CORRECTION FACTOR DOZER PLANNING DATA = DOZER OPTIMUM OUTPUT * PERFORMANCE FACTORS NOW CORRECTION FACTORS DEPENDS ON THE FOLLOWING FACTORS 1. BLADE FACTOR S 1.00 A 0.75 U 1.25 2. TRANSMISSION FACTOR - 80% OF IDEAL OUTPUT

42. 3.GRADE FACTOR - AS PER SLOPE FOR PLANNING PURPOSE IT CAN BE TAKEN AS 4. SOIL FACTOR DOWN HILL +2.5 * GRADE % UP HILL -2 * GRADE % DIGGING EFFORTNATURE OF SOILSOIL FACTOR EASY DIGSAND,GRAVEL1.0 MEDIUM DIGCOMMON EARTH IN NATURAL STATE 0.85 HARD DIGHARD STUFF CLAY, SOFT ROCK 0.67

43. 5.SWING FACTOR IN PLACE (OR BANK) VOLUME = BULK VOL SWELL FACTOR FLY WHEEL HPONE WAY HAUL DISTANCE IN METRES 15M 30M 45M 60M 60 -75 220 115 78 73 75 - 125 375 195 132 123 125 - 200 514 266 180 169 200 275 705 350 246 229

44. EXAMPLE DETERMINE THE OUTPUT OF A BULL DOZER HAVING 215 HP ENGINE FILLED WITH A GRADE RATEDCAPACITY 4.40CUBM THE DOZER IS EMPLOYED FOR EXCAVATING A HARD CLAYED AREA WITH AVERAGE HAULAGE OF 50M ON A GROUND WITH DOWN SLOPE OF 10%.IT HAS A DIRECT DRIVE TRANSMISSION AND ITS EXPECTED PERFORMANCE IN 50MIN/HR SOLUTION OUTPUT/HR = IDEAL OUTPUT/HR*CORRECTION FACTOR * PERFORMANCE FACTOR

45. 1. IDEAL OUTPUT/HR FOR 50M HAULAGE OF 215 HP DOZER WITH “S” BLADE OF CAPACITY 4.4CUBM = 200CUBM/HR 2. CORRECTION FACTOR APPLICABLE SOIL FACTOR FOR HARD DIGGING= 0.67 BLADE FACTOR FOR “A”BLADE = 0.65 GRADE FACTOR FOR 10% DOWN GRADE ASSISTANCE = 1+ 2.5 * 10% = 1.25 TRANSMISSION FACTOR FOR DIRECT DRIVE – 0.8 SWELLING FACTOR OF CLAYED SOIL – 1.3 LOOSE VOL BANK VOL = 1/1.3 CORRECTION FACTOR = 0.67*0.65*1.25*0.8*0.4355*1/1.3= 0.335 PERFORMANCE FACTOR FOR 50MIN/HR = 0.83 OUTPUT = 200 *0.83*0.335 = 55.61CUBM/HR

46. COMPACTING EQUIPMENT TYPES OF COMPACTING EQUIPMENT – SMOOTH DRUM VIBRATION, PADDED, DUAL DRUM ASPHALT NOW PRODUCTION OF SPREADING EQUIPMENT TIME FOR COMPLETING JOB: NO OF PASSES *DISTANCE IN Km AVG SPEED IN Km/Hr * n FACTOR

47. COMPACTING EQUIPMENT

48. EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION DEPENDS ON THE COMPACTED THICKNESS OF MATERIAL AVERAGE SPEED FLY WHEEL POWER WEIGHT OF OPERATING FREQUENCY OF VIBRATION

49. COMPACTED SOIL /SUB BASE /ASPHALTICCONCRETE IM CUBM/HR = W*S*L*0.83 P W= EFFECTIVE ROLLING WITH WIDTH OF COMPACTION (M) S= AVERAGE SPEED OF COMPACTION (M/HR) L = COMPACTED THICKNESS OF THE MATERIAL P= NO OF PASSES REQD TO ACHIEVE DESIRED COMPACTION ( DEPENDS UPON WEIGHT AND TYPE OF COMPACTIONAND THE REQD DENSITY TO ACHIEVE) WHILE SELECTING THE ROLLER OR WIDTH IN RELATION TO WIDTH OF THE LAYDOWN LANE TO BE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION NO OF PASSES DEPEND UPON WEIGHT AND TYPE OF THE COMPACTER AND THE REQUIREMENT OF DENSITY TO BE ACHEIVED

50. CRANES AND HOISTS CRANES ARE HOISTING DEVICES AND THEY ARE USED FOR LIFTING MATERIAL/ EQUIPMENTS MACHINERY BASICALLY THEY ARE OF TWO TYPES OF CRANES 1. MOBILE CRANES 2.TOWER CRANES

51. MOBILE CRANES ARE THE BEST MEANS FOR LIFTING AND SHIFTING OF SMALL TO HEAVY LOADS. THEY ARE OF THREE TYPES 1.GRAWLER MOUNTED CRANES 2. SELF PROPELLED RUBBER TYRED WHEELS CRANE 3. TRUCK MOUNTED TOWER CRANES 1.STATIONARY CRANES 2.TRAVELLING CRANES 3.CLIMBING CRANES

52. MOBILE CRANE TOWER CRANE

53. ESTIMATING CRANE OUTPUT CAPACITY TO HANDLE LOAD = GRA=OVE OUTPUT/HR= LOAD/CYCLE* CYCLES/HR TO REFER MACHINERY MANUAL FOR LOAD/CYCLE AND CYCLES/HR

54. ACTIVITY HOOKING LOAD AT g. l1.0MIN RAISING LOAD FROM g.l TO A HT OR 30m AT 60 m/min0.5MIN Slewing through 120deg at 60 deg/min2.0MIN TRAVELLING ON RAILS FOR 45 m AT 30m/min1.5MIN MOVING TROLLEY AT JIP LEVEL FOR UNLOADING AND POSITIONING BY 15m AT 15m /min 1.0MIN UNHOOKING LOAD1.0MIN LOWERING LOAD BY 5M at 60 TO 100 m/min and resting at THE PROPER PLACE 1.0MIN RAISING HOOK BY 5 METRES (OVERTAPPING)0.0MIN SLEWING ORIGINAL LOADING POSITION1.0MIN MOVING TROLLEY AT JIB LEVEL TO OADING POSTN0.5MIN TRAVELLING ON RAIL TO ORIGINAL LOADING POSTN1.5MIN LOWERING HOOK0.5MIN TOTAL CYCLE/TIME11.0MIN

55. TOTAL CYCLE / TIME :.n = 44 min/hr AND SHIFTING AT 5 TONS LOAD IN EACH CYCLE 5 TON LOADS * CYCLES IN ONE HOUR (OF 44 MIN) 44 * 5 11 = 20 TON/HR

56. METHOD OF COMPUTING OWNING AND OPERATING COST OF AN EQUIPMENT TO GET COST OF EQUP/HR, TO UNDERSTAND OWNING AND OPERATING COST EQPT – LOADER : - FLYWHEEL POWER 112HP PAYLOAD = 2722kg (A) COST AT SITE FOR 1.53 CUBM (FOR EARTH)Rs 1500000.00 LESS TYRE REPLACEMENT COSTRs. 40000. 00 LANDED PRICE LESS COST OF TYRESRs. 1460000. 00 LESS : RESALE VALUE :Rs. 150 000. 00

57. (B) NET VALUE FOR DEPRECIATION : Rs 1310000.00 (C) OWNING COST 1. DEPRECIATION : NET DEPRECIATION VALUE LIFE IN HRS = 1310000.00 = Rs 81.88 HR 16000 ASSUMING ANNUAL USE IN HRS = 16000 HRS ® INTEREST @ 12% AND INSURANCE @ 1% LANDED PRICE * % INVESTMENT = TOTAL ANNUAL RATE ANNUAL USE IN HRS = RS.67,03/HR

58. REPAIR COST TYRES: REPLACEMENT COST = 40000 ESTIMATED LIFE 3200 = Rs 12.50 NORMAL REPAIR = 90% OF LANDED COST – TYRE COST TOTAL HOUR = 0.9 * 1500000 – 40000 = Rs 81.88/hr 16000

59. SERVICE COST FUEL – 11Kg /HR * Rs 4 = Rs 44.00/HR (a ) Lubricant greace etc - Rs 10.00/HR (b ) Total service cost = 44 + 10 = 54.00/HR OPERATION SALARY – 80.00 = Rs.10.00/HR 8 TOTAL OWNING AND OPERATING COST PER HOUR = DEPREATION + INTEREST @ 12% AND INSURANCE @ 1% + TYRE REPAIR COST + NORMAL REPAIR COST + TOTAL SERVICE COST + OPERATOR SALARY = 81.88+ 67.03+12.03+81.88+ 54.00 + 10.00 = Rs 307.29/HR

60. THANK YOU