1. Presentation on Over view of Indian Transmission Grid

2. TOPICS Generation, Transmission and Distribution utilities
Indian Power Scenario
Long Range Transmission Plans (Development of National Grid)
Load Dispatch Centers

3. Indian Power Sector – Generation, Transmission and Distribution Utilities
Electricity is a concurrent subject, i.e Development and Management of this sector by both Central and state Governments
Central Sector
Generating utilities- NTPC, NHPC, NLC, NEEPCO, THDC , NPCIL & NJPC
Transmission Utility – POWERGRID, wheels power of Central generating utilities and inter state Mega IPPS
State sector
Mostly Vertically integrated. i.e Responsible for Generation, Transmission and Distribution of power within the state
Reform process are underway and many SEB’s have been divided into three different corporations viz., GENCO, TRANSCO and DISCO
There are few private distribution agencies as bulk licensee namely CESC, BSES, Tata Power, AECO etc.
Three levels for Grid management system adopted, namely, National ( to be evolved) Regional and state-
Implementation and Operation of National and Regional LD&C and their modernization are the responsibility of the Central Transmission Utility (CTU) I.e POWERGRID
State LD&C is under the State transmission Utility(STU)

4. Indian Power Scenario

5. Power Scenario – at a Glance
Indian Power System is being operated as five Electrical regions
Northern, Southern, Western, Eastern and North=Eastern Region.
Installed capacity - 1,08,000 MW Coal – 71%
Hydro – 25% Nuclear & others – 4%
Peak demand
Peak power ,555 MW
Energy (average) MU/day
Availability
Peak power ,260 MW
Energy (average) MU/day
Shortage
Peak power ,300 MW (12.6%)
Energy MU/day (7.5%)

6. Inter Regional Links - Existing
All the five regions are inter connected through inter regional links.
Inter Regional links
ER and SR: 500 MW HVDC back to back at Gazuwaka
NR and WR : 500 MW HVDC back to back at Vindhyachal
WR and SR : 1000 MW HVDc back to back at Chandrapur.
ER and NR : 500 MW HVDC back to back at Sasaram( to be commissioned shortly)
ER and WR : Rourkela – Raipur 400 kV Ac link ( to be commissioned shortly)
ER and NER : Malda- Bongaigaon Synchronous link
Cumulative Inter Regional Power transfer Capacity– 4850 MW

7. Indian Transmission System – Present
Figs. are in ckt. km
State Central Total (POWERGRID)
HVDC 1, ,632 3,136
800 KV
400 kV , , ,500
220/132 kV ,06, ,15,000

8. POWERGRID - THE TRANSMISSION ORGANIZATION
Incorporated in 1989 and started operation on management basis w.e.f. August, 1991
Notified as Central Transmission Utility (CTU) in December 1998 to discharge following functions
Undertake Inter-state Transmission of energy
Planning and co-ordination
Exercise Supervision and Control of Inter-state Transmission including operation of RLDCs
Direction, control & supervision of the functions (construction maintenance & operation) of Transmission Licensees

9. GROWTH PROFILE 1992-93 2001-02 Growth (%) Physical (Provisional)
No. of S/s
MVA capacity 13, ,
Circuit kms 23, ,
Inter-regional ,
transfer capacity(MW)
Export of Surplus ,
Power from ER (MUs)
Financial (Rs crs.)
Net profit
Turnover ,

10. PERFORMANCE OF POWERGRID
Operating world’s largest transmission network and maintaining availability of more than 98%.
About 40% of the total power generated in the country wheeled through its network
Rated “EXCELLENT” under MOU with MOP since
Only PSU in the power sector to receive “The Prime Minister’s MOU Award” for four consecutive years i.e., for the years to
Honoured with Prime Minister’s Shramvir Award

11. Demand - Supply Scenario – by 2012
Projected Peak Demand - 157,000 MW
Capacity addition envisaged –
In 10th Plan - 45,000 MW
In 11th Plan - 55,000 MW
(Approx MW Capacity Addition per Year)
Major Resources for Capacity Addition
Hydro potential in J&K, HP & NER
Coal potential in Bihar, Orissa
Major Load Center –
Bulk power need to be transferred from ER/NER to other deficit regions

12. LONG RANGE
TRANSMISSION PLAN

13. Long Range Transmission Plan
Uneven disposition of energy resources
Major Hydro resources in NER & NR
Coal reserves mostly in Bihar/Orissa/West Bengal
Cost of power transmission (1.11 cents/kwh) lower than cost of fuel transportation (3.33 cents/kwh).
Some Regions are no longer Self-sufficient
Major resources in SR exhausted
In NR, mainly hydro resources having long gestation period
Unbalanced Growth of different Regions
Some regions are surplus and some are deficit.
Optimisation of generation capacity addition
Utilising time diversity
Spinning reserve optimisation

15. Development of National Grid
Major Considerations
Development in a phased manner – commensurate with generation/ load growth
Conservation of Right-of-Way - especially in areas with scarcity of ROW ---- viz. area near hydro, chicken-neck area, forest area, town etc.
Minimisation of transmission cost - immediate as well as long-term basis.
Flexible enough to accommodate change in load-generation pattern.

16. Development of National Grid – Technological options
400kV AC
Expertise available.
Transfer capacity can be increased by –
Application of latest technology viz FACTS --- also improves voltage regulation
Increasing maximum conductor temperature from 75°C to 95°C --- increases thermal capacity by 1.5 times.
Application of more number of conductors in a phase.
765kV AC
Can carry power of the order of 2500 MW -- 4 to 5 times of 400kV
Relatively less T&D loss
Effectively less Right-of-Way required.
Limitations:
Less world-wide market
Reactive power management difficult.

17. Development of National Grid – Technological options
HVDC
HVDC bipole suitable for point-to-point long distance bulk power transmission.
So far HVDC bipole upto 3000 MW has been established.
Provide better flexibility/ controllability in the system.
Limitations:
Economical only for long distance (1000 km or more)
No tapping feasible in-between (multi-terminal HVDC is a solution --- due to high cost, justified only in specific cases)
On techno-economic reasons, Hybrid System (combination of HVDC & 765/400kV AC lines)
has been adopted for development of National Grid.

18. Plan for National Grid PHASE-I
Interconnection of Regional Grids through HVDC Back-to-Back links - To take care of widely varied operational parameters
Under Operation
North – West: 500MW Vindhyachal Back-to-Back
West – South: 1000MW Chandrapur Back-to-Back
East – South: 500MW Gazuwaka Back-to-Back
Under Construction
East – North: 500MW Sasaram Back-to-Back
Link between ER and NR is the last link of phase-I to be completed by Oct.,
With Completion of Phase-I, Cumulative Inter regional Capacity would be 4850 MW

20. Plan for National Grid PHASE-II (By 2007):
High capacity “Transmission highways” envisaged along with major generation projects
Highways already constructed
Kishenpur - Moga 765 kV 2xS/c in J&K
Kathalguri – Malda 400kV D/c in NER
Hybrid HVAC and HVDC interconnection planned
Implementation already commenced
2000 MW HVDC bipole between Talcher-Kolar bet. ER & SR
400kV AC link between Rourkela and Raipur bet. ER & WR
High capacity 400 kV link from Tala to Delhi bet. ER & NR
2nd Gazuwaka HVDC back-to-back by 500MW bet ER & SR
About 5000 ckt. km of 765 kV lines planned alongwith upcoming Mega projects in ER
With the completion of Phase-II, the inter-regional capacity would be 23,000 MW

21. (Existing/New Approved Scheme)
INTER- REGIONAL LINKS
(Existing/New Approved Scheme)
North-eastern
Salakati
Bongaigaon
Birpara
Malda
Dehri
Sasaram
Sahupuri
Allahabad
Eastern
Northern
Belgaum
Kolhapur
Budhipadar
Rourkela
Korba
Raipur
Auraiya
Malanpur
Western
Southern
Balimela
Upper
Sileru
Chandrapur
Ramagundam
Jeypore
Gazuwaka
Singrauli
Vindhyachal
400kV
220kV
500MWWV
500MW
1000MWWV
220kVWV
Existing Link
Talcher
Kolar
2000MW
Legend
HVDC back-to-back link
HVDC bipole

22. Plan for National Grid PHASE-III (By 2012) :
Strengthening of inter-regional link to have a ring of 765kV lines inter-connecting Northern, Western and Eastern Regions
ER inter-connection with SR to be strengthened through HVDC lines (asynchronous link)
Completion of Phase-III would lead to cumulative capacity of inter-regional link to 30,000 MW

24. Growth of Cumulative capacity of Inter-regional links

25. LOAD DESPATCH CENTRES

26. Unified Load Despatch & Communication
For efficient, secured and reliable operation of the grid and inter-regional power exchange, POWERGRID has planned for Unified Load Despatch schemes in all five Regional Grids
Northern Region : In operation
Southern Region : In operation
North-eastern Region: Under implementation - completion by June, 2003
Eastern Region: Under implementation - completion by Sept, 2003
Western Region: NIT to be issued – completion by January, 2005
Estimated Cost of above projects : US $ 470 million (Rs Cr).
National Load Despatch Schemeinter-connecting all the five ULDCs has also been planned
Feasibility Report is under preparation
Expected completion schedule – by 2007
Estimated Cost : US $ 54 million (Rs. 250Cr)

27. Hierarchical setup of Regional ULDC
NLDC
NATIONAL LOAD
DESPATCH
CENTRE
REGIONAL LOAD
DESPATCH
CENTRE
NRLDC
WRLDC
ERLDC
SRLDC
NERLDC
SLDC
SLDC
SLDC
SLDC
SLDC
STATE LOAD
DESPATCH
CENTRE
AREA LOAD
DESPATCH
CENTRE
SUB LDC
SUB LDC
SUB LDC
SUB LDC
SUB LDC
REMOTE TERMINAL
UNIT
(AT SUB-STATIONS &
GENERATING STNS
RTU
RTU
RTU
RTU
RTU

28. DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH ASIAN GRID

29. South Asian Countries – Common Features
Abundant reserves of Natural resources
Low per capita electricity consumption
Deficit of Power & Fast Growth in Demand
Common frequency of operation
Similar voltage class
Talking Points:
SAARC countries have abundant Reserves of Natural Resources
Hydro Potential : India-84,000 MW, Nepal-83,000 MW, Pakistan-36,000 MW, Bhutan-21,000 MW, Bangladesh-52,000 MW,
Gas Reserves : Bangladesh-40,000 bcf, India : 25,000 bcf, Pakistan-27,500 bcf
Most of these resources are still unexploited.
Per Capita electricity consumption in all the SAARC countries is low and in same regime (India 380, Pak 328, Sri Lanka 305, Bhutan 90 Bangladesh 68, Nepal 38 Kwh), where as other Asian countries like South Korea has: 4730, Malaysia: 2222, Japan: 7749 Kwh
All the countries have a developing economy. Rate of growth of power demand is in the range of 8-9% while pace of generation addition is quite slow resulting in deficit of power in all the countires.
Technical features of electrical grids of the SAARC countires are also similar, like all have same frequency of operation at 50Hz. Voltage levels of power transmission are also similar,( 132 kV existing in all countries, 220 kV in India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh and 400/500 kV in India and Pakistan)

30. South Asian Countries – Energy Resources
India – Dominated by Coal
Bangladesh – Dominated by natural gas
Bhutan – High dependence on hydro
Nepal – High dependence on hydro
Pakistan – Largely petroleum and natural gas
Sri Lanka – Dependence on petroleum

31. Exploitation of Resources - Options
In order to capture benefits of resource sharing as experienced all over the world, Countries in South Asian Region should also move forward and explore feasibility of interconnections with each other.
Large scale trading of coal and natural gas is limited due to constraints in its handling & transportation
Hydel energy can be traded thru tr. network only
Transmission of power is the only feasible solution for bulk exchange of energy

32. Why South Asian Grid ? Optimal Utilization of Natural Resources
Opportunity of Energy Trading
Economy of Scale
Advantage of Peak diversity
Minimization of Environmental Damages
Talking Points:
Although resources are abound, disposition is not even. SAARC grid will provide an opportunity for exploitation of resources in the most optimal manner.
All the countries are in poor economic condition. Exploitation of these energy resources improve the economic health of the country. SAARC grid would provide an excellent medium for trading of these resources through exchange of electric energy, for example, setting up of Chukha HEP in Bhutan has resulted in significant economic gains for Bhutan.
All SAARC countries except India have low quantum of electricity demand and hence setting up of large sized power plants has not become feasible. SAARC grid would would provide the economy of scale for development of large power plant in any country. For example, development of Tala HEP of 1000MW capacity in Bhutan would not have been feasible had Bhutan not been interconnected with India. Similarly, development of a 6000MW hydro power plant at Pancheswar in Nepal would be feasible only if power would exported out of Nepal.
Ideally, Energy is best utilized when the demand is evenly distributed over the day. The Time diversity of peak demand of different countries can be best utilized by facilitating interconnection among countries.
Optimal exploitation of resources shall minimize the Environmental Damage.

33. Feasibility of Interconnection
India is centrally placed sharing boundaries with SAARC Countries.
Vast Interconnected transmission network.
Development of Strong National Grid on the Anvil.
Talking Points:
India being centrally placed, can facilitate interconnections at low cost.
India has a vast transmission network with strong interconnections all over the country (described in the coming slides), which can facilitate transfer of power over long distances through displacement with minimal transmission losses and at a low cost.
Development of a strong Indian National Grid is already under progress, which after completion would facilitate free flow of power from one corner to the other corner of the country. Details of the National Grid shall be described in the slides coming later.

34. Indian Initiative towards South Asian Grid
Current Status
Limited Energy trade based on bilateral agreements
Power exchanges under governmental control
Ongoing Power Exchange
India and Nepal
Over 16 links at 132/33/11 kV
About 50 MW of power being exchanged
Net export to Nepal (about 10% of demand of Nepal met through imports from India)
Supply of free power from Tanakpur (India) to Nepal – 70MU/annum

35. Indian Initiative towards South Asian Grid
Ongoing Power Exchange - India and Bhutan
Interconnection established with Chukha HEP (4x84 MW) in Bhutan, built with Indian technical and financial assistance
Chukha-Birpara 220kV 3 ckts.
All surplus power from Chukha HEP (336MW) in Bhutan is exported to India. Presently, this constitutes 75% to 80% (1400 MU/year) of total power generated.
Earning to Bhutan - Rs. 140 crs. Annually
Part of this power re-imported through Bongaigaon-Geylegphug 132kV S/c line to Bhutan to meet radial loads close to Indian border.
India getting cheap hydro power
Kurichu HEP (4x15 MW) of Bhutan already connected to Indian Grid through Kurichu – Geylegphug – Salakati 132 kV line

36. South Asian Grid
Future Propects

37. South Asian Grid - India and Nepal
Nepal expected to be surplus in power by 2002
3 nos. 132kV lines under construction between India & Nepal
Butwal(Nepal) – Anandnagar(India)
Birgunj(Nepal) – Motihari(India)
Dalkebar(Nepal) – Sitamarhi(India)
Large potential projects being considered for development and export of power to India
West Seti HEP MW
Arun HEP MW
Pancheshwar HEP 6,500 MW
EHV transmission links planned for evacuation of power to India
West Seti – Bareilly – Muradnagar 400 kV line
Arun HEP – Muzaffarpur 400 kV line
400/765kV lines from Pancheshwar HEP to India

38. South Asian Grid - India and Bhutan
Interconnection being established at 400kV level from Tala in Bhutan to Delhi in India for evacuation of power from Tala HEP(6x170MW)
More hydro projects to come up in Bhutan
Wangchu : 900MW
Bunakha : 180MW
Sankosh : 4060MW
Power from these projects also to be imported by India

39. South Asian Gird - India and Bangladesh
East Zone of Bangladesh(generation dominated) shares border with the Eastern Region of India
Bangladesh can supply power to Eastern India
West Zone of Bangladesh(load dominated) shares border with the North-Eastern Region of India
India can supply power to Western Bangladesh
2 nos. of 220kV links,one at each side, initially envisaged for limited exchange of about 150 MW
Krishnanagar(Eastern India)-Ishurdi(Western Bangladesh)
Shahjibazar(Eastern Bangladesh)-Kumarghat(N-E India)

40. South Asian Gird - India and Bangladesh
There are proposals to set up Gas projects by IPPs for selling power to India
Scheme evolved for importing MW power from Gas projects in Bangladesh
Establishment of a S/s at Krishna Nagar in West Bengal through LILO of Farakka-Jeerat 400 kV D/c line
Gen. station - Ishurdi (Bangladesh) 400 kV 2xD/c
Ishurdi - Krishna Nagar (India) 400 kV 3 ckt.
Krishna Nagar - Jamshedpur 400 kV D/c
Jamshedpur - Rourkela 400 kV D/c

41. South Asian Grid – India and Pakistan
Pakistan has surplus power of about MW
Discussions were held for exchange of power between India and Pakistan
To start with, 220kV interconnection was envisaged for transfer of 300MW from Pakistan to India
Dinanath – Firozpur 220kV line
In the long term, HVDC interconnections was envisaged for bulk power exchange (upto 2000MW)

42. South Asian Grid – India and Myanmar
Govt. of Myanmar had proposed to develop Tamanthi HEP (12x100MW) across the river Chindwin
About 700 to 800 MW power from this project might be transferred to India
Myanmar shares boundary with North-Eastern Region of India
400kV links proposed for evacuation of power into India
Tamanthi – Badarpur – Misa – Siliguri line

43. South Asian Grid – India and Sri Lanka
Proposal for interconnection of Sri Lanka with Southern Regional Grid of India under discussion
Usage of HVDC bipole or HVDC back-to-back in conjunction with AC lines suggested

44. Issue to be addressed Technical Planning of Interconnections
Firming-up the power availability ie.
Quantum of power available for exchange
Periodicity of availability/Allocation of firm power
Identification of Reliability criteria
Detailed system studies need to be conducted by participating countries, with following objectives
Establishing the Feasibility of Interconnection
Choice of Interconnection / Technology, considering –
Right Of Way
Cost
Equipment Availability
Reliability

45. Issue to be addressed Operation of Interconnection
Establishment of Operation Code by the participating countries
Commercial arrangements
Pricing of power
Payment Security Mechanism
Terms for Indemnification for disruption of Transmission service
Sharing of International Experience for Bulk Power Exchange

46. Issue to be addressed Legal arrangements
Firming up of procedures for dispute settlement and Arbitration
Applicability of Laws of Respective countries/ International Laws
Institutional Arrangement
Identification/ Creation of Common Agency to regulate, Administer and Operationalize the Interconnection on long term basis
Establishment of Co-ordination Centres to Govern the Operational matters on Daily and Short Term basis

47. Issue to be addressed Financial arrangements
Following are possibilities of funding arrangement
Multilateral Funding
Private Investment
In either case following aspects are to be considered:
Sale/ Purchase of Power on a sustained/ long term basis
Security of Payment / Signing of Covenant
Immunity to Political Changes and changes in Law

48. Thank You

49. SAARC Grid as Envisaged