3. the secret chemistry of the mobile phone powerhouse communications
Jason Riley and Julian Eastoe
School of Chemistry
University of Bristol
powerhouse
battery
communications
display
phone demo

4. history
a 90’s idea?

5. environmentally friendly - high rate of discharge - fast charge
a wish list
the mobile phone battery
reversible
environmentally friendly
- high rate of discharge
- fast charge
- long cycle life
- small watt hours per kg
watt hours per cm3

6. energy
chemical → heat/light
2CH3OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 4H2O

7. Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 Zn + 2H+ → Zn2+ + H2 Zn  Zn2+ + 2e
corrosion
splitting a reaction in two
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
Zn + 2H+ → Zn2+ + H2
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e
2H+ + 2e  H2

8. Zn  Zn2+ + 2e 2H+ + 2e  H2 Zn + 2H+ → Zn2+ + H2 energy
chemical → electrical
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e
2H+ + 2e  H2
Zn + 2H+ → Zn2+ + H2

9. the battery
a modern idea?

10. Zn  Zn2+ + 2e Cu2+ + 2e  Cu Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu the early days
death of the pony express
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e
Cu2+ + 2e  Cu
Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu

11. Cu  Cu2+ + 2e 2H+ + 2e → H2 2H+ + Cu → H2 + Cu2+ recharging
electrolysis
2H+ + 2e → H2
Cu  Cu2+ + 2e
2H+ + Cu → H2 + Cu2+

12. mobility
the lead acid battery
PbO2 + Pb + 2H2SO4  2PbSO4 + 2H2O

13. portability
the simple battery
Zn + 2H+ → Zn2+ + H2

14. Zn + 2MnO2 + H2O → Zn(OH)2 + Mn2O3
stability
the one with the copper top
anode:
Zn → Zn2+ + 2e
Zn + 2OH- → Zn(OH)2 + 2e
cathode:
2MnO2 to Mn2O3
Zn + 2MnO2 + H2O → Zn(OH)2 + Mn2O3

15. H+ is small  moves fast problem 2H+ + 2e  H2 concept
materials chemistry
the mobile phone battery
H+ is small  moves fast
problem
2H+ + 2e  H2
concept

16. NiOOH + H2O + e → Ni(OH)2 + OH-
the phone battery
metal hydrides
Ni(OH)2
NiOOH MH M
MH → M + H+ + e
NiOOH + H+ + e → Ni(OH)2
NiOOH + H2O + e → Ni(OH)2 + OH-
NiOOH + MH ← Ni(OH)2 + M
NiOOH + MH → Ni(OH)2 + M
MH + OH-→ M + H2O + e

17. george gray
genius inventor of the lcd

18. liquid crystals
key to the electronics revolution

19. is it a . . . . or is it a ? the importance of shape
liquid crystals made simple
is it a CN
or is it a ?

20. organisation
the importance of shape

21. liquid crystals
fish-shaped molecules CN

22. liquid crystals
fish-shaped molecules

24. liquid crystal displays
sandwich-like structure

25. liquid crystal displays
twisted stacks of molecules

26. current off current on transparent dark liquid crystal displays
electrically activated optical switch
current off
current on
transparent
dark

27. fuel cells
the future

28. electroluminescent displays the future
flexible
emissive technology wide viewing angle
low voltage fast switching
high brightness low cost

29. thank you
thank you