Tuesday Lecture – Psychoactive and Poisonous Plants

Tuesday Lecture – Psychoactive and Poisonous Plants
Reading: Textbook, Chapter 12 Exam 2 next Tuesday In this lecture we will take up discussion of plants that have psychoactive effects on people; these are all poisonous in large amounts. We will extend our discussion to consider a few other plants that are poisonous.

Quiz What plant (common or scientific name) is the source of steroidal compounds that were used to produce the first oral contraceptives as well as forming the material make other steroidal drugs? Cocaine and marijuana are two widely used psychoactive drugs. Which is native to the Old World and which to the New World?

Major Psychoactive Drugs from Plants used in U.S.A.
Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) Heroin (Papaver somniferum) Cocaine (Erythroxylum coca) Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) There are four major plant sources of psychoactive drugs that are used in our country at present. (There are additional drugs, such as methamphetamine and PCP that are produced synthetically). Our discussion will center around these four species of plants and the chemicals that they produce.

Chemistry and Pharmacology of Psychoactive Drugs
Mode of activity Absorption into bloodstream An introdution to the chemistry and pharmacology of drugs is important to understanding how they work. Psychoactive drugs affect the neurotransmitters in the human body, either by having a similar action, or by inhibiting the actions of these substances. Scientists and doctors are still working out the details of how the brain and nervous system function, and thus there are many things about how psychoactive drugs function that we still do not understand completely.

Mode of activity Absorption into bloodstream Circulation ( “rush”) An introdution to the chemistry and pharmacology of drugs is important to understanding how they work. Psychoactive drugs affect the neurotransmitters in the human body, either by having a similar action, or by inhibiting the actions of these substances. Scientists and doctors are still working out the details of how the brain and nervous system function, and thus there are many things about how psychoactive drugs function that we still do not understand completely.

Mode of activity Absorption into bloodstream Circulation ( “rush”) Activity -- affect neurotransmitters: An introdution to the chemistry and pharmacology of drugs is important to understanding how they work. Psychoactive drugs affect the neurotransmitters in the human body, either by having a similar action, or by inhibiting the actions of these substances. Scientists and doctors are still working out the details of how the brain and nervous system function, and thus there are many things about how psychoactive drugs function that we still do not understand completely.

Mode of activity Absorption into bloodstream Circulation ( “rush”) Activity -- affect neurotransmitters: Can mimic actions = agonists An introdution to the chemistry and pharmacology of drugs is important to understanding how they work. Psychoactive drugs affect the neurotransmitters in the human body, either by having a similar action, or by inhibiting the actions of these substances. Scientists and doctors are still working out the details of how the brain and nervous system function, and thus there are many things about how psychoactive drugs function that we still do not understand completely.

Mode of activity Absorption into bloodstream Circulation ( “rush”) Activity -- affect neurotransmitters: Can mimic actions = agonists Can inhibit actions = antagonists An introdution to the chemistry and pharmacology of drugs is important to understanding how they work. Psychoactive drugs affect the neurotransmitters in the human body, either by having a similar action, or by inhibiting the actions of these substances. Scientists and doctors are still working out the details of how the brain and nervous system function, and thus there are many things about how psychoactive drugs function that we still do not understand completely.

Neurotransmitters 5 major types
Acetylcholine  stimulates muscle contractions; slows heart antagonists: atropine, scopolamine agonists: nicotine; stimulants Psychoactive drugs interact in some way with one or more of the 5 major types of neurotransmitters in the human body.

Acetylcholine  stimulates muscle contractions; slows heart antagonists: atropine, scopolamine agonists: nicotine; stimulants Norepinephrine  stimulates neurons; reused antagonist: cocaine agonist: mescaline Psychoactive drugs interact in some way with one or more of the 5 major types of neurotransmitters in the human body.

Acetylcholine  stimulates muscle contractions; slows heart antagonists: atropine, scopolamine agonists: nicotine; stimulants Norepinephrine  stimulates neurons; reused antagonist: cocaine agonist: mescaline Serotonin  stimulates cells regulating sensory perceptions alteration of neurons: LSD-type compounds  illusions etc. Psychoactive drugs interact in some way with one or more of the 5 major types of neurotransmitters in the human body.

Neurotransmitters, cont.
Dopamine  influences areas that control pleasure responses The body uses dopamine as a kind of internal reward system to stimulate or encourage adaptive behavior. Drugs that mimic or stimulate the actions of dopamine are often addictive, because they co-opt this pleasure system. Because neural peptides are produced in minute amounts and affect very specific receptors, our understanding and knowledge of them is still very limited.

Neurotransmitters, cont.
Dopamine  influences areas that control pleasure responses Peptides  act as painkillers, etc. (endorphin, etc.) - active in minute amounts; affect very specific receptors agonists: opiates, tetrahydrocannabinol The body uses dopamine as a kind of internal reward system to stimulate or encourage adaptive behavior. Drugs that mimic or stimulate the actions of dopamine are often addictive, because they co-opt this pleasure system. Because neural peptides are produced in minute amounts and affect very specific receptors, our understanding and knowledge of them is still very limited.

History of Drug Use Use of mind-altering drugs is ancient
-- present in many indigenous cultures People have used psychoactive drugs from plants since before recorded history. There is a major difference, however, in how these drugs are used in indigenous cultures within the social and religious fabric of the society, and how they are abused in our current society. Fig. 12.4, p. 292

-- present in many indigenous cultures Difference: -- indigenous cultures – drugs used by certain people in the society (shamans), in specific rituals People have used psychoactive drugs from plants since before recorded history. There is a major difference, however, in how these drugs are used in indigenous cultures within the social and religious fabric of the society, and how they are abused in our current society. Fig. 12.4, p. 292

-- present in many indigenous cultures Difference: -- indigenous cultures – drugs used by certain people in the society (shamans), in specific rituals -- U.S. 21st century culture – dissociation of drug use from formal cultural or religious customs People have used psychoactive drugs from plants since before recorded history. There is a major difference, however, in how these drugs are used in indigenous cultures within the social and religious fabric of the society, and how they are abused in our current society. Fig. 12.4, p. 292

Marijuana – Cannabis sativa
Cannabis sativa – multi-use plant: fibers  ropes, fishnets, clothing One of the most interesting and controversial of our drug plants is marijuana, Cannabis sativa. It is a plant that has been useful to people since ancient times, providing not only the drug but also serving as a fiber and food plant. It is a member of a small family of only two species (depending of course on how Cannabis is classified) – the other species is another economically important plant that is used to flavor beer. The family has unisexual flowers borne usually on separate plants, so it is dioecious, and its floral structure as well as the presence of laticifers relates it to the Moraceae (fig family). Recent molecular work suggests that it is as closely related to the elms and hackberries (Ulmaceae and Celtidaceae, sometimes included in a single family). Marijuana is native to Asia, where it has been used for millenia. Fig. 12.5, p. 293

Cannabis sativa – multi-use plant: fibers  ropes, fishnets, clothing seeds  food, oil (non-food uses) One of the most interesting and controversial of our drug plants is marijuana, Cannabis sativa. It is a plant that has been useful to people since ancient times, providing not only the drug but also serving as a fiber and food plant. It is a member of a small family of only two species (depending of course on how Cannabis is classified) – the other species is another economically important plant that is used to flavor beer. The family has unisexual flowers borne usually on separate plants, so it is dioecious, and its floral structure as well as the presence of laticifers relates it to the Moraceae (fig family). Recent molecular work suggests that it is as closely related to the elms and hackberries (Ulmaceae and Celtidaceae, sometimes included in a single family). Marijuana is native to Asia, where it has been used for millenia. Fig. 12.5, p. 293

Cannabis sativa – multi-use plant: fibers  ropes, fishnets, clothing seeds  food, oil (non-food uses) glands  psychoactive drug One of the most interesting and controversial of our drug plants is marijuana, Cannabis sativa. It is a plant that has been useful to people since ancient times, providing not only the drug but also serving as a fiber and food plant. It is a member of a small family of only two species (depending of course on how Cannabis is classified) – the other species is another economically important plant that is used to flavor beer. The family has unisexual flowers borne usually on separate plants, so it is dioecious, and its floral structure as well as the presence of laticifers relates it to the Moraceae (fig family). Recent molecular work suggests that it is as closely related to the elms and hackberries (Ulmaceae and Celtidaceae, sometimes included in a single family). Marijuana is native to Asia, where it has been used for millenia. Fig. 12.5, p. 293

Cannabis sativa – multi-use plant: fibers  ropes, fishnets, clothing seeds  food, oil (non-food uses) glands  psychoactive drug Cannabaceae - Includes only Cannabis and Humulus (hops) Related to Moraceae, Celtidaceae, Ulmaceae herbaceous, laticifers, dioecious One of the most interesting and controversial of our drug plants is marijuana, Cannabis sativa. It is a plant that has been useful to people since ancient times, providing not only the drug but also serving as a fiber and food plant. It is a member of a small family of only two species (depending of course on how Cannabis is classified) – the other species is another economically important plant that is used to flavor beer. The family has unisexual flowers borne usually on separate plants, so it is dioecious, and its floral structure as well as the presence of laticifers relates it to the Moraceae (fig family). Recent molecular work suggests that it is as closely related to the elms and hackberries (Ulmaceae and Celtidaceae, sometimes included in a single family). Marijuana is native to Asia, where it has been used for millenia. Fig. 12.5, p. 293

Cannabis flowers Fig. 12.5, p. 293 Dioecious – two different types of plants, producing either the pistillate (“female”) or the staminate (“male”) flowers The unisexual flowers of Cannabis are small and highly reduced – that is they consist primarily of the sexual parts (pistils or stamens). This is associated with wind pollination. Pistillate – 2 stigmas/flower

Cannabis flowers Fig. 12.5, p. 293 Pistillate – 2 stigmas/flower
The unisexual flowers of Cannabis are small and highly reduced – that is they consist primarily of the sexual parts (pistils or stamens). This is associated with wind pollination. Pistillate – 2 stigmas/flower Staminate – several stamens/flower

Cannabis Biology Major Drug Component – delta-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) binds to specific receptors in brain The major drug component is produced in small, subsessile glands on the surfaces of leaves, stems, and other parts. The density of glands varies greatly between different parts of the plant, between plants grown in different environments, and between different cultivated lines. For instance, glands may be almost entirely absent from fiber plants. THC

Cannabis Biology Major Drug Component – delta-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) binds to specific receptors in brain THC- produced in glands on leaves and flowers The major drug component is produced in small, subsessile glands on the surfaces of leaves, stems, and other parts. The density of glands varies greatly between different parts of the plant, between plants grown in different environments, and between different cultivated lines. For instance, glands may be almost entirely absent from fiber plants. Glands THC

Cannabis Biology Major Drug Component – delta-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) binds to specific receptors in brain THC- produced in glands on leaves and flowers -- female plants produce more glands The major drug component is produced in small, subsessile glands on the surfaces of leaves, stems, and other parts. The density of glands varies greatly between different parts of the plant, between plants grown in different environments, and between different cultivated lines. For instance, glands may be almost entirely absent from fiber plants. Glands THC

Cannabis Biology Major Drug Component – delta-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) binds to specific receptors in brain THC- produced in glands on leaves and flowers -- female plants produce more glands -- gland production stimulated by heat, sunlight, drought The major drug component is produced in small, subsessile glands on the surfaces of leaves, stems, and other parts. The density of glands varies greatly between different parts of the plant, between plants grown in different environments, and between different cultivated lines. For instance, glands may be almost entirely absent from fiber plants. Glands THC

Cannabis Biology Major Drug Component – delta-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) binds to specific receptors in brain THC- produced in glands on leaves and flowers -- female plants produce more glands -- gland production stimulated by heat, sunlight, drought -- sinsemilla (sin = without semilla = seeds) – particularly strong The major drug component is produced in small, subsessile glands on the surfaces of leaves, stems, and other parts. The density of glands varies greatly between different parts of the plant, between plants grown in different environments, and between different cultivated lines. For instance, glands may be almost entirely absent from fiber plants. Glands THC

Cannabis Biology Major Drug Component – delta-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) binds to specific receptors in brain THC- produced in glands on leaves and flowers -- female plants produce more glands -- gland production stimulated by heat, sunlight, drought -- sinsemilla (sin = without semilla = seeds) – particularly strong Hashish – product - relatively pure resin The major drug component is produced in small, subsessile glands on the surfaces of leaves, stems, and other parts. The density of glands varies greatly between different parts of the plant, between plants grown in different environments, and between different cultivated lines. For instance, glands may be almost entirely absent from fiber plants. Glands THC

Marijuana – History of Use
Cannabis – native to central Asia Chinese – first to use, employed for fabric, medicines Cannabis is native to central Asia, and peoples living in this area have used the plant since before the time of recorded history. Both the Chinese and the Indians have used it in various ways, and its use spread around the world through trade. Although there are times and places where its use has been encouraged or at least tolerated, in the U.S. it has been outlawed since the early 1900s. There is still considerable contention regarding just how dangerous the plant is. Unlike some other drugs, a single use is unlikely to kill (unless other substances have been mixed with it), and addictiveness does not appear to be a major problems. It is not, however, a “healthy” substance, and most arguments run along the lines of making comparisons to other products such as alcohol and tobacco and pointing out that it is no worse. There are clearly health risks to long term use, and it (like many other things) is subject to abuse. Fig. 12.7, p. 295

Cannabis – native to central Asia Chinese – first to use, employed for fabric, medicines India – country where first used for hallucinogenic properties Cannabis is native to central Asia, and peoples living in this area have used the plant since before the time of recorded history. Both the Chinese and the Indians have used it in various ways, and its use spread around the world through trade. Although there are times and places where its use has been encouraged or at least tolerated, in the U.S. it has been outlawed since the early 1900s. There is still considerable contention regarding just how dangerous the plant is. Unlike some other drugs, a single use is unlikely to kill (unless other substances have been mixed with it), and addictiveness does not appear to be a major problems. It is not, however, a “healthy” substance, and most arguments run along the lines of making comparisons to other products such as alcohol and tobacco and pointing out that it is no worse. There are clearly health risks to long term use, and it (like many other things) is subject to abuse. Fig. 12.7, p. 295

Cannabis – native to central Asia Chinese – first to use, employed for fabric, medicines India – country where first used for hallucinogenic properties Africa – introduced through Arab traders; used as medicine Cannabis is native to central Asia, and peoples living in this area have used the plant since before the time of recorded history. Both the Chinese and the Indians have used it in various ways, and its use spread around the world through trade. Although there are times and places where its use has been encouraged or at least tolerated, in the U.S. it has been outlawed since the early 1900s. There is still considerable contention regarding just how dangerous the plant is. Unlike some other drugs, a single use is unlikely to kill (unless other substances have been mixed with it), and addictiveness does not appear to be a major problems. It is not, however, a “healthy” substance, and most arguments run along the lines of making comparisons to other products such as alcohol and tobacco and pointing out that it is no worse. There are clearly health risks to long term use, and it (like many other things) is subject to abuse. Fig. 12.7, p. 295

Cannabis – native to central Asia Chinese – first to use, employed for fabric, medicines India – country where first used for hallucinogenic properties Africa – introduced through Arab traders; used as medicine Europe – became popular in 1800s Cannabis is native to central Asia, and peoples living in this area have used the plant since before the time of recorded history. Both the Chinese and the Indians have used it in various ways, and its use spread around the world through trade. Although there are times and places where its use has been encouraged or at least tolerated, in the U.S. it has been outlawed since the early 1900s. There is still considerable contention regarding just how dangerous the plant is. Unlike some other drugs, a single use is unlikely to kill (unless other substances have been mixed with it), and addictiveness does not appear to be a major problems. It is not, however, a “healthy” substance, and most arguments run along the lines of making comparisons to other products such as alcohol and tobacco and pointing out that it is no worse. There are clearly health risks to long term use, and it (like many other things) is subject to abuse. Fig. 12.7, p. 295

Cannabis – native to central Asia Chinese – first to use, employed for fabric, medicines India – country where first used for hallucinogenic properties Africa – introduced through Arab traders; used as medicine Europe – became popular in 1800s U.S.A. – 1900s -- use proscribed, outlawed Cannabis is native to central Asia, and peoples living in this area have used the plant since before the time of recorded history. Both the Chinese and the Indians have used it in various ways, and its use spread around the world through trade. Although there are times and places where its use has been encouraged or at least tolerated, in the U.S. it has been outlawed since the early 1900s. There is still considerable contention regarding just how dangerous the plant is. Unlike some other drugs, a single use is unlikely to kill (unless other substances have been mixed with it), and addictiveness does not appear to be a major problems. It is not, however, a “healthy” substance, and most arguments run along the lines of making comparisons to other products such as alcohol and tobacco and pointing out that it is no worse. There are clearly health risks to long term use, and it (like many other things) is subject to abuse. Fig. 12.7, p. 295

Cannabis – native to central Asia Chinese – first to use, employed for fabric, medicines India – country where first used for hallucinogenic properties Africa – introduced through Arab traders; used as medicine Europe – became popular in 1800s U.S.A. – 1900s -- use proscribed, outlawed End of 20th century – contentious debate regarding merits of legalization Cannabis is native to central Asia, and peoples living in this area have used the plant since before the time of recorded history. Both the Chinese and the Indians have used it in various ways, and its use spread around the world through trade. Although there are times and places where its use has been encouraged or at least tolerated, in the U.S. it has been outlawed since the early 1900s. There is still considerable contention regarding just how dangerous the plant is. Unlike some other drugs, a single use is unlikely to kill (unless other substances have been mixed with it), and addictiveness does not appear to be a major problems. It is not, however, a “healthy” substance, and most arguments run along the lines of making comparisons to other products such as alcohol and tobacco and pointing out that it is no worse. There are clearly health risks to long term use, and it (like many other things) is subject to abuse. Fig. 12.7, p. 295

Papaver Alkaloids- Opiates
Fig. 11.6, p. 279 Poppy is another multiple use plant, and various species including Papaver somniferum are grown as ornmentals in the flower garden; seeds are collected and used as a minor food and flavoring product. Poppies also contain a class of alkaloids found in the latex of the plant that have been important medicinally, but are now mostly used as mind-altering drugs.

Papaver Alkaloids- Opiates
Fig. 11.6, p. 279 Poppy is another multiple use plant, and various species including Papaver somniferum are grown as ornamentals in the flower garden; seeds are collected and used as a minor food and flavoring product. Poppies also contain a class of alkaloids found in the latex of the plant that have been important medicinally, but are now mostly used/abused as mind-altering drugs.

Oxycodone Hydrocodone
Two opioid derivatives have proven to be valuable in medicinal treatments, but also susceptible to abuse. Hydrocodone may be derived either from thebaine (a component of opium), or from codeine. It is particularly useful for its properties as a cough suppressant (anititussive), and is also a pain reliever. In the U.S., commercial products that contain hydrocodone will also be combined with another medication, typically acetaminophen (the active ingredient in tylenol), which both increases its effectiveness and lowers the likelihood of misuse. Oxycodone (sold commercially in a time-release formulation as OxyContin, among other products) is also synthesized from thebaine, and it provides a pain-relieving medication that has fewer side effects and lower potential for addiction than morphine. Both oxycodone and hydrocodone have becomed widely misused prescription drugs that are causing societal problems across the U.S. Oxycodone Hydrocodone

Opiates – History and Politics
3000 BC – first records of use; 2500 BC – Sumerian “joy plant” The use of opiates extends far back in time. The species is native to the Asian area, and peoples in this region have known and written about its effects for over 5000 years. The development and use of opiates present several paradoxes – their use has been encouraged at various times and for various reasons. The problems that are produced through addiction have been recognized as well, and governments have proscribed their non-medical uses.

3000 BC – first records of use; 2500 BC – Sumerian “joy plant” Romans/Greeks – familiar with opium The use of opiates extends far back in time. The species is native to the Asian area, and peoples in this region have known and written about its effects for over 5000 years. The development and use of opiates present several paradoxes – their use has been encouraged at various times and for various reasons. The problems that are produced through addiction have been recognized as well, and governments have proscribed their non-medical uses.

3000 BC – first records of use; 2500 BC – Sumerian “joy plant” Romans/Greeks – familiar with opium Europe – 1525, rediscovery of solution of opium in alcohol = laudanum (Paracelsus) The use of opiates extends far back in time. The species is native to the Asian area, and peoples in this region have known and written about its effects for over 5000 years. The development and use of opiates present several paradoxes – their use has been encouraged at various times and for various reasons. The problems that are produced through addiction have been recognized as well, and governments have proscribed their non-medical uses.

3000 BC – first records of use; 2500 BC – Sumerian “joy plant” Romans/Greeks – familiar with opium Europe – 1525, rediscovery of solution of opium in alcohol = laudanum (Paracelsus) Chinese – first introduced in 7th century AD by Arab traders Banned by government The use of opiates extends far back in time. The species is native to the Asian area, and peoples in this region have known and written about its effects for over 5000 years. The development and use of opiates present several paradoxes – their use has been encouraged at various times and for various reasons. The problems that are produced through addiction have been recognized as well, and governments have proscribed their non-medical uses.

3000 BC – first records of use; 2500 BC – Sumerian “joy plant” Romans/Greeks – familiar with opium Europe – 1525, rediscovery of solution of opium in alcohol = laudanum (Paracelsus) Chinese – first introduced in 7th century AD by Arab traders Banned by government British trade policies  forced Chinese to trade for opium The use of opiates extends far back in time. The species is native to the Asian area, and peoples in this region have known and written about its effects for over 5000 years. The development and use of opiates present several paradoxes – their use has been encouraged at various times and for various reasons. The problems that are produced through addiction have been recognized as well, and governments have proscribed their non-medical uses.

3000 BC – first records of use; 2500 BC – Sumerian “joy plant” Romans/Greeks – familiar with opium Europe – 1525, rediscovery of solution of opium in alcohol = laudanum (Paracelsus) Chinese – first introduced in 7th century AD by Arab traders Banned by government British trade policies  forced Chinese to trade for opium 1803 – morphine purified  able to deliver it in defined doses Potent painkiller, but problem – addictive The use of opiates extends far back in time. The species is native to the Asian area, and peoples in this region have known and written about its effects for over 5000 years. The development and use of opiates present several paradoxes – their use has been encouraged at various times and for various reasons. The problems that are produced through addiction have been recognized as well, and governments have proscribed their non-medical uses.

3000 BC – first records of use; 2500 BC – Sumerian “joy plant” Romans/Greeks – familiar with opium Europe – 1525, rediscovery of solution of opium in alcohol = laudanum (Paracelsus) Chinese – first introduced in 7th century AD by Arab traders Banned by government British trade policies  forced Chinese to trade for opium 1803 – morphine purified  able to deliver it in defined doses Potent painkiller, but problem – addictive Heroin – synthetic derivative of morphine -- addictive The use of opiates extends far back in time. The species is native to the Asian area, and peoples in this region have known and written about its effects for over 5000 years. The development and use of opiates present several paradoxes – their use has been encouraged at various times and for various reasons. The problems that are produced through addiction have been recognized as well, and governments have proscribed their non-medical uses.

Opium Production - Geography
Problems: Area of production – poor countries, important cash crop Opium production presents tremendous problems today – partly this relates to the geographical facts.

Problems: Area of production – poor countries, important cash crop Area of consumption – wealthy countries, deleterious social effects Opium production presents tremendous problems today – partly this relates to the geographical facts.

Problems: Area of production – poor countries, important cash crop Area of consumption – wealthy countries, deleterious social effects Transport – through remote areas, effects on biodiversity Opium production presents tremendous problems today – partly this relates to the geographical facts.

Opium Production – 2002 Update
This image, taken just after the end of the US led invasion of Afghanistan, illustrates a conundrum for policy makers. Under the rigid rule of the Taliban, opium production in Afghanistan had fallen dramatically. Under the newly installed regime, however, the country found itself short on economically viable options for its primarily rural people to make money, and the highly profitable opium trade again flourished. Thus the US is now in the position of supporting a government that has found it politically expedient to “look the other way” on control of this export product, which will in turn bring suffering and harm to people in the US. Poppy field in Afghanistan – lifeline for subsistence farmers?

Cocaine Erythroxylum – shrubby species of Andean highlands
- used by Incas as mild stimulant (must be mixed with basic solution to aid in extraction/absorption of alkaloids) Cocaine is derived from several species of shrubs of the genus Erythroxylum, most notably E. coca which is shown here. It is used by the Incas and other native peoples in the Andes Mountain area as a mild stimulant.

Cocaine – History of use
3000+ yrs – used by indigenous peoples in South American highlands as mild stimulant 1860 – cocaine isolated in pure form 1884 – S. Freud “Uber Coca” – recommended use 1800s – used in various products, including Coca-cola 1904 – use banned from food products Andean User – 0.2 mg/day (chewing 57 g leaves) Heavy User (U.S.) – 2-3 g ( times dose of Andean user) Heart Failure, as low as 20 mg (100 times dose from chewing leaves) Cocaine use dates back thousands of years. As consumed by native peoples of South America, a relatively low dosage of the active alkaloid compound is delivered (see text box). However, development of procedures to isolate the compound in pure form has led to being able to deliver much higher doses. Although it achieved popularity as a food additive in the late 1800s, the health problems associated with its use – particularly addiction – were soon recognized. Its use in food products was discontinued in the U.S. early in the 20th century.

Cocaine – History of Abuse
1914 – Drug declared illegal in U.S.A. Coke = hydrochloride salt of cocaine, water soluble so it moves across membranes (sniffing or snorting  powder taken into nostrils) Crack = altered form by treating coke with boiling water and baking soda (freebase, involves use of ether in process  more dangerous) Both crack and freebase can be injected or smoked The highly purified drug coke, prepared from cocaine through a chemical reaction, and its further chemical derivative called crack, have become problematic in the U.S. and elsewhere. Crack is particularly potent because of the rapidity with which the drug moves into the brain and produces a response, as well as its addictive properties. Although cocaine use has declined somewhat in the U.S. in recent years it is still a major problem affecting over a million users. Cocaine is a particularly dangerous drug because even a small dose can be lethal at first use to a susceptible individual. Addictive, debilitating drug 1998 – 1.5 million Americans chronic cocaine/crack users *** Can be lethal at first use ***

Cocaine – special problems
Mode of action: interferes with re-uptake of dopamine, brain neurotransmitter  prolongs feeling of well-being Physiological effects  addiction + withdrawal “Crack” Babies – from mothers addicted to crack cocaine Destruction of mid-altitude forests in Andes to produce crop, in Peru, Colombia Association with rebellions – e.g. Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso - Peru) Red=active Blue-inactive Not only is cocaine highly addictive (because it interacts with the dopamine reward pathway in the brain), it also crosses the blood-brain barrier and has immediate and dramatic effects on brain activity. It is so addictive that its effects overcome the normal parental instincts in people – many female cocaine users have not given up use even after becoming pregnant, with the result that their babies (1) may be born with a cocaine addiction; (2) are particularly susceptible to its effects because of their much lower body weight. Although there has been concern that “crack babies” might be damaged for life, more recent studies have indicated that most or perhaps all of the perceived effects have been due to other factors associated with low socio-economic status of their parents. Cocaine cultivation is also presenting a major environmental threat to the mid-elevation tropical forest areas where the crop is being grown.

Tobacco Solanaceae (alkaloid-containing family)
Nicotiana – N. tabacum; N. rustica, N. suaveolens Native to New World Tobacco is obtained from the dried leaves of species of Nicotiana, particularly N. tabacum, which is a member of the Solanaceae that is native to the New World. The Solanaceae are well known for containing a class of alkaloids, and the family is notorious for its poisonous members, such as belladonna, mandrake, and jimsonweed.

Tobacco – History of Use
Native Americans – smoking, eating, snuffing -- medicinal uses -- considered sacred by many tribes Native American peoples discovered the effects of tobacco, and its consumption was part of the religious ceremonies of some tribes. From the earliest contact with the Americas, Europeans were exposed to tobacco use and commerce in the plant started early. Official unhappiness with the product also got an early start, and such notable individuals as King James I of England expressed disapproval of its use. Nevertheless, it became an important cash crop in the American colonies.

Native Americans – smoking, eating, snuffing -- medicinal uses -- considered sacred by many tribes Columbus – took tobacco to Old World 1556 – Thevet took seeds to France, started cultivation in Europe Native American peoples discovered the effects of tobacco, and its consumption was part of the religious ceremonies of some tribes. From the earliest contact with the Americas, Europeans were exposed to tobacco use and commerce in the plant started early. Official unhappiness with the product also got an early start, and such notable individuals as King James I of England expressed disapproval of its use. Nevertheless, it became an important cash crop in the American colonies.

Native Americans – smoking, eating, snuffing -- medicinal uses -- considered sacred by many tribes Columbus – took tobacco to Old World 1556 – Thevet took seeds to France, started cultivation in Europe King James I: Counterblaste to Tobacco Note: this was more of a political statement than a sincere expression of concern about human health Native American peoples discovered the effects of tobacco, and its consumption was part of the religious ceremonies of some tribes. From the earliest contact with the Americas, Europeans were exposed to tobacco use and commerce in the plant started early. Official unhappiness with the product also got an early start, and such notable individuals as King James I of England expressed disapproval of its use. Nevertheless, it became an important cash crop in the American colonies.

Native Americans – smoking, eating, snuffing -- medicinal uses -- considered sacred by many tribes Columbus – took tobacco to Old World 1556 – Thevet took seeds to France, started cultivation in Europe King James I: Counterblaste to Tobacco 1600s – British-American colonies, important cash crop Native American peoples discovered the effects of tobacco, and its consumption was part of the religious ceremonies of some tribes. From the earliest contact with the Americas, Europeans were exposed to tobacco use and commerce in the plant started early. Official unhappiness with the product also got an early start, and such notable individuals as King James I of England expressed disapproval of its use. Nevertheless, it became an important cash crop in the American colonies.

Tobacco - Chemistry Nicotine – major alkaloid
extremely addictive, passes into brain faster then heroin or caffeine The major alkaloid compound in tobacco is nicotine. It is one of the most toxic compounds known, and because of its physiological effects it is also one of the most addictive. Chemical changes produced as a result of a modified curing process adopted in the late 1800s led to a more effective delivery of nicotine when smoked, with the effect that cigarette smoking became very popular. The negative consequences of bringing chemicals in the tobacco smoke directly in contact with the lung surfaces soon showed itself in a variety of illnesses and health problems associated with smoking.

extremely addictive, passes into brain faster then heroin or caffeine release of dopamine through action on acetylcholine receptors stimulates release of adrenaline The major alkaloid compound in tobacco is nicotine. It is one of the most toxic compounds known, and because of its physiological effects it is also one of the most addictive. Chemical changes produced as a result of a modified curing process adopted in the late 1800s led to a more effective delivery of nicotine when smoked, with the effect that cigarette smoking became very popular. The negative consequences of bringing chemicals in the tobacco smoke directly in contact with the lung surfaces soon showed itself in a variety of illnesses and health problems associated with smoking.

extremely addictive, passes into brain faster then heroin or caffeine release of dopamine through action on acetylcholine receptors stimulates release of adrenaline 1880 – change in curing process  acid tobacco smoke must be inhaled to produce effect (reaction on surface of lungs) effect is exhilarating, likely to produce dependence/addiction byproduct – constituents in smoke carried to lung surface The major alkaloid compound in tobacco is nicotine. It is one of the most toxic compounds known, and because of its physiological effects it is also one of the most addictive. Chemical changes produced as a result of a modified curing process adopted in the late 1800s led to a more effective delivery of nicotine when smoked, with the effect that cigarette smoking became very popular. The negative consequences of bringing chemicals in the tobacco smoke directly in contact with the lung surfaces soon showed itself in a variety of illnesses and health problems associated with smoking.

Tobacco and Health - History
1602 – first report to link tobacco smoking to possible ill health 1795 – report of lip cancers associated with smoking 1920s – medical reports linking lung cancer to smoking health warnings on cigarette packages 1993 – EPA report classifying Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) as a carcinogen 1994 – list of additives (600) released by tobacco industry 1998 – tobacco settlements, states and tobacco industry ($206 billion) Even as early as the 1600s people noted the link between tobacco smoking and health problems. Despite strenuous efforts by the tobacco industry to hide them, by the 1960s, the evidence linking tobacco smoke with various diseases was sufficiently well documented that the U.S. government required warnings to be placed on product packaging. In 1993, it officially became recognized that any repeated contact with tobacco smoke had harmful effects, even to those not directly smoking cigarettes. The plot thickened in the mid 1990s as investigative work revealed that the cigarette industry deliberately placed additives into cigarettes that not only made them more addictive, but also produced harmful products when burned. Most recently accusations have been made that the filters - used in part to supposedly ameliorate some of the harmful effects of tobacco smoke – were themselves producing harmful health effects because of flaws in their manufacture. Recently recognized: effects on non-users: 1. Second-hand smoke Unborn and children

Tobacco and Health - History
1602 – first report to link tobacco smoking to possible ill health 1795 – report of lip cancers associated with smoking 1920s – medical reports linking lung cancer to smoking health warnings on cigarette packages 1993 – EPA report classifying Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) as a carcinogen 1994 – list of additives (600) released by tobacco industry 1998 – tobacco settlements, states and tobacco industry ($206 billion) Even as early as the 1600s people noted the link between tobacco smoking and health problems. Despite strenuous efforts by the tobacco industry to hide them, by the 1960s, the evidence linking tobacco smoke with various diseases was sufficiently well documented that the U.S. government required warnings to be placed on product packaging. In 1993, it officially became recognized that any repeated contact with tobacco smoke had harmful effects, even to those not directly smoking cigarettes. The plot thickened in the mid 1990s as investigative work revealed that the cigarette industry deliberately placed additives into cigarettes that not only made them more addictive, but also produced harmful products when burned. Most recently accusations have been made that the filters - used in part to supposedly ameliorate some of the harmful effects of tobacco smoke – were themselves producing harmful health effects because of flaws in their manufacture. 2008 – UN report (WHO) – projects 1 billion tobacco related deaths by 2100 unless policies are changed

Salvia divinorum “Salvia” Salvinorin A - terpenoid

Thursday Lecture – Plant Beverages with Caffeine
Reading: Textbook, Chapter 13 In the next lecture our attention will turn to plants that have been used to make beverages that are enjoyed widely in part because of their stimulating effect when consumed due to the presence of caffeine or similar compounds.

Tuesday Lecture – Psychoactive and Poisonous Plants

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Tuesday Lecture – Psychoactive and Poisonous Plants

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