1. THE IMPACT OF CULTURE on management and leading styles, working and thinking styles, learning and teaching styles
Seminar: The training of cross-cultural competence and skills
Lecturer: Prof. Dr. Beneke
Students: Anke Boettcher, Kathrin Pinker

2. The impact of culture 11/20/01
Introduction
Attitudes towards culture
National culture
Corporate culture
Different business areas
Conclusion
The impact of culture 11/20/01

3. The impact of culture 11/20/01
technology leadership
negotiation creativity
feedback
time rewards
labels
science
machines hierarchies
The impact of culture 11/20/01

4. Attitudes towards culture
Parochialism – “our way is the only way”
Cultural Blindness - People do not recognize cultural differences in order to be just and to treat everybody equally.
Ethocentrism – “our way is the best way”
Synergy – Cultural diversity is recognized and can lead to both advantages and disadvantages.
The impact of culture 11/20/01

5. The impact of culture 11/20/01
Synergy
Cultural diversity  key ressource
Managing the impact of diversity rather than ignoring the diversity
Result is more than the sum of the single contributions
Advantages: more flexible, creative and open to new ideas
The impact of culture 11/20/01

6. The impact of culture 11/20/01
Synergy
Culturally synergistic Problem Solving
Recognition of the problem
Analysis from different perspectives
Solution appropriate for all cultures
The impact of culture 11/20/01

7. The impact of culture 11/20/01
Introduction
Attitudes towards culture
National culture
Corporate culture
Different business areas
Conclusion
The impact of culture 11/20/01

8. The impact of culture 11/20/01
First example: Management by objectives (employer and employee decide together on an objective, which the employee has to achieve within a certain time. After that period of time the result is evaluated.)
Crucial dimensions are:
Power distance
Individualism
Relation to nature
The impact of culture 11/20/01

9. Second example: Feedback
Crucial dimensions:
Individualism (losing face)
Relation to nature
Communication style
The impact of culture 11/20/01

10. The impact of culture 11/20/01
Introduction
Attitudes towards culture
National culture
Corporate culture
Family culture
Eiffel Tower culture
Guided Missile culture
Incubator culture
Different business areas
Conclusion
The impact of culture 11/20/01

11. The impact of culture 11/20/01
The Family Culture
Person-oriented
Hierarchical: father-children relationship
Ascribed status
Culture clusters: Greece, Italy, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, other nations which industrialized late and smaller companies
The impact of culture 11/20/01

12. The Eiffel Tower Culture
Hierarchies
Ascribed status to a role and not to a person
Task-oriented
Personal relationships are not desired
Culture clusters: Austria and Germany
The impact of culture 11/20/01

13. The Guided Missile Culture
Egalitarian
Task-oriented
Status is achieved
Individualistic
Culture clusters: USA, Norway, Ireland
The impact of culture 11/20/01

14. The impact of culture 11/20/01
The Incubator Culture
Person-oriented
Egalitarian
Minimal hierarchies and structure
Creative and spontaneous
Leadership is achieved
Culture Clusters: Sweden,USA (Silicon Valley), UK (Silicon Glen) and smaller companies
The impact of culture 11/20/01

15. The impact of culture 11/20/01
Introduction
Attitudes towards culture
National culture
Corporate culture
Different business areas
Leadership
Motivation
Decision making
Example Japan
Conclusion
The impact of culture 11/20/01

16. The impact of culture 11/20/01
Leadership
McGregor (1957)
Theory X
people are basically lazy, dislike work
tight control system
Theory Y
people are trustworthy, enjoy work
are given autonomy and responsibility
The impact of culture 11/20/01

17. The impact of culture 11/20/01
Leadership
William Ouchi (1982)
Theory Z
based on Japanese management
lifetime employment, concern for the total person
close and trusting relationships to improve productivity
The impact of culture 11/20/01

18. The impact of culture 11/20/01
Motivation
Abraham Maslow (1954) – Hierarchy of needs
Physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualization needs
The impact of culture 11/20/01

19. The impact of culture 11/20/01
Motivation
David McClelland (1961) – Achievement Theory
Achievement, power and affiliation
Victor Vroom (1964) – Expectancy Theory
People estimate their ability to perform a task and the probable type of reward
The impact of culture 11/20/01

20. The impact of culture 11/20/01
Motivation Theories
Abraham Maslow (1954) – Hierarchy of needs
Physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualization needs
David McClelland (1961) – Achievement Theory
Achievement, power and affiliation
Victor Vroom (1964) – Expectancy Theory
People estimate their ability to perform a task and the probable type of reward
The impact of culture 11/20/01

21. The impact of culture 11/20/01
Decision making
Problem recognition
Information research
Construction of alternatives
Choice
Implementation
The impact of culture 11/20/01

22. Product-design for Japan
Prefer quality and are willing to pay premium prices
Different taste: less sugar and salt
Smaller servings
Different body shape
The impact of culture 11/20/01

23. Japanese television advertising
Length: 15 seconds or less
Mood advertising
- non-verbally or with few words
- emotion, humour, shock
- good first impression
The impact of culture 11/20/01

24. The impact of culture 11/20/01
Conclusions
Culture has a very important impact on business, but not everything can be explained by it
Other influences: individual character, situation, legal system etc.
The impact of culture 11/20/01

25. The impact of culture 11/20/01
Literature
Adler, Nancy (1991), International Dimensions of Organizational Behaviour, 2nd ed., Belmont: Wadsworth
Henderson, George/Spigner-Littles, Dorscine (1996), A practitioner‘s guide to understanding indigenous and foreign cultures, 2nd ed., Springfield: Thomas Books
Trompenaars, Fons (1998), Riding the ways of cultures, 2nd ed., New York et al: McGraw-Hill
March, Robert (1990), Honoring the customer. Marketing and selling to the Japanese, New York et al: Wiley and Sons
Beneke, Jürgen (2000),Orientation Matrix, University of Hildesheim
The impact of culture 11/20/01

26. The impact of culture 11/20/01
Literature
Hofstede, Geert (1997), Cultures and Organizations, New York et al.: McGraw-Hill
Knapp, Karlfried et al. (eds.)(1999), Meeting the Intercultural Challenge, Sternenfels: Verlag Wissenschaft und Praxis
The impact of culture 11/20/01