1. Six Kingdoms Kingdom Monera 1. Archaebacteria v. Eubacteria
2. Characteristics
a. prokaryotic cells
b. unicellular
c. autotrophic or
heterotrophic
d. asexual
reproduction

2. Kingdom Protista
1. Characteristics
a. eukaryotic cells
b. mostly unicellular
c. heterotrophic or
autotrophic
d. asexual
reproduction

3. Kingdom Fungi
1. Characteristics
a. eukaryotic cells
b. unicellular or
multicellular
c. heterotrophic
*external
digestion
d. mostly asexual
reproduction

4. Kingdom Plantae
1. Characteristics
a. eukaryotic
b. multicellular
c. autotrophic
d. sexual and asexual reproduction

5. Kingdom Animalia
1. Characteristics
a. eukaryotic
b. multicellular
c. heterotrophic
*internal digestion
d. sexual
reproduction

6. Archaebacteria
live in extreme environments such as swamps, hydrothermal  vents deep in the ocean, acidic thermal springs in the ground, and extremely salty water.

7. Eubacteria live in most habitats
some cause diseases such as strep throat and pneumonia
Cyanobacteria – autotrophic
Escherichia coli - heterotrophic

8. Viruses v. Bacteria Bacteria- living microorganisms Examples Tetanus
A. Some are pathogenic (cause diseases)
Examples
Tetanus
Neissaria gonnorhea
Strep throat- Streptococcus pyrogenus
Anthrax- Bacillus anthracis
Pneumonia
B. Some are very useful
Decomposing dead things
Breakdown garbage in landfills
E.coli

9. Viruses- not considered living organisms; have to be inside a host cell to reproduce
A. contain DNA and RNA
B. diseases caused by viruses
HIV, chicken pox, Herpes, Flu (influenza)
C. Two ways of infecting cells
Lytic cycle
Lysogenic cycle

11. Viral Treatments For viral infections, you treat the symptoms
Use vaccines and antiviral drugs for severe infections.

12. Avian Flu Virus

13. Symptoms Symptoms in humans Fever, cough, sore throat Eye infections
Pneumonia
Severe respiratory diseases

14. Vaccines Began testing vaccinations in April, 2005
Vaccinations must prove to be safe and effective
Vaccinations are hard to create
Virus mutates quickly

15. Protists 3 types of protists 1. Algae- plantlike protists
All are autotrophic
Photosynthetic algae produce a great deal of the Earth’s atmospheric oxygen
Can be unicellular or multicellular
2. Protozoa- animal-like protists
Single celled
Ex) zooplankton
3. Fungus-like protists
Ex) slime molds, water molds

16. Fungi Mostly multicellular, eukaryotic organisms
Cell walls are made of chitin- complex carbohydrate
Structural units of fungus are hyphae
Play a major role in decomposing organic material and recycling Earth’s nutrients
Can cause spoiled food, diseases, and poisonous mushrooms
Human pathogens- toenail fungus, Athlete’s foot, ringworm

17. Toenail Fungus

18. Athlete’s Foot

19. Ringworm

20. Protists and Fungi objectives
1. What are some characteristics of kingdom Protista? 507
2. How do protozoa reproduce? What types of environments do they inhabit? 507
3. Describe Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and giardiasis. For each, list symptoms, what protozoa causes them, and which animals carry them. 516
4. In what ways do algae differ from protozoa? 525
5. How are algae similar to plants? How are they different? 525
6. How are euglenoids similar to both plants and animals? 533
7. How do fungi obtain nutrients? 543
8. Why does a fungus that reproduces both sexually and asexually have an advantage over an organism that just reproduces asexually?

21. Objective 4.03 Sickle Cell Anemia 1. results in defective
form of hemoglobin
2. suffer damage to
the brain, heart
3. 1 out of every 500
African Americans
has sickle cell
anemia
Hemoglobin is found within red blood cells where it binds with oxygen and transports it throughout the body

22. Lung/Mouth Cancer and tobacco use
1. nicotine
2. tars

23. 3. Hazards of Long-Term Tobacco Use
a. cardiovascular system – most affected
b. 25% of heart attacks are associated with use of tobacco
c. Lung Cancer
* deadliest form of cancer
* chronic bronchitis
* emphysema
d. Mouth Cancer
* chewless tobacco
Lung cancer – 90% of lung cancer is attributed to smoking; deadliest form of cancer

24. Skin Cancer
CFCs
Melanin

25. Diabetes mellitus – due to insulin deficiency
Type I
1. severe childhood disorder
2. treated with daily insulin injections
Type II
1. often correlates with obesity
2. can generally be controlled through exercise and diet

26. Malaria
Plasmodium and Anopheles

27. Symptoms
1. severe chills, fever, sweating, fatigue,
severe thirst
Treatment
1. sporozoans can evolve a resistance to
antimalarial drugs

28. Environmental Toxins Mercury, Lead Sources
* Drinking water, fish, vaccines, pesticides, preserved wood, antiperspirants, building materials
Risks
Cancer, Alzheimer’s, neurological disorders, arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm), decreased red/white blood cell production.

29. Immune Response
Antigen – any substance that the immune system recognizes as a potential pathogen and that provokes an immune response
T – Cells ( “helper T cell)
1. cytotoxic
a. combat the pathogen by
destroying any of the body cells that have
been infected by the pathogen
2. suppressor
a. help shut down the immune response after
the pathogen has been cleared from the
body

30. B – Cells
1. differentiate into plasma cells
a. produce defensive proteins and
secrete them in the blood
*antibodies

31. Memory Cells
1. long term protection against
reinfection by a specific pathogen
Immunity
1. person becomes resistance to a specific pathogen