2. what respiration is 1) Pathway of blood Pathway of blood 2) Cardiac cycle 3) Principles governing blood circulation 4) Cardiovascular disease

3. energy 1. The release of energy food substances 2. when food substances are broken down by 3. oxidationsimpler 3. oxidation into simpler substances carbon dioxidewater. 4. such as carbon dioxide and water. 5. It is a chemical process.

4. Aerobic Anaerobic

5. large 1. The release of a relatively large amount of energy 2. by the breakdown of food substances presence 3. in the presence of oxygen

6. Aerobic Respiration occurs in the cell in the ….

7. Mitochondria

8. Breakdown of food substances Occurs in the mitochondria Similar to combustion of fuel

9. Inspiration Air breathed in

10. Occurs when air is taken into the lungs

11. Expiration Air breathed out

12. Occurs when air passes out of the lungs

13. Expired air Mirror Water droplets

14. Can be written in a word equation: Glucose+ Oxygen Carbon dioxide+ Water+ Relatively lots of energy

16. Why are the amounts of oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapour different in inspired and expired air? Why are the amounts of oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapour different in inspired and expired air? Answer: Respiration uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water. Thus, the expired air contains less oxygen and more carbon dioxide and water

17. Are breathing and respiration the same? Are breathing and respiration the same? Respiration is a chemical process. Respiration is a chemical process. In aerobic respiration, we need oxygen. In aerobic respiration, we need oxygen. How do we get the oxygen? How do we get the oxygen? By BREATHING Inhaling (breathing in) takes in oxygen Inhaling (breathing in) takes in oxygen Exhaling (breathing out) takes out carbon dioxide and water Exhaling (breathing out) takes out carbon dioxide and water

19.  Transports materials  Nutrients from digested food  Respiratory gases: CO 2 and O 2  Waste materials: toxins and nitrogenous wastes  Antibodies  Hormones  Enzymes  Blood pH  Heat transport

20. As animals increase in size, more oxygen is required to meet their energy needs. To deliver greater amounts of oxygen to cells, the respiratory membranes of the more complex animals must have an increased surface area.

21. Some animals, such as earthworms, use their skin as a respiratory membrane The skin must be kept moist at all times to allow the proper diffusion of gases.

22. Fish, some salamanders, clams, starfish, and crayfish exchange gases through their gills. Gills are, essentially, extensions of the outer surface of the body.

23. The extensive folding and branching of the gills provide increased surface area for the diffusion of gases, improving the efficiency of the respiratory organ. Fish also use a countercurrent flow—the water moves over the gills in one direction while the blood, contained within the capillaries inside the gill, moves in the opposite direction. Countercurrent flow increases the efficiency of oxygen intake and ensures that the oxygen diffuses into the blood over the entire length of the blood vessel inside of the gill.

25. Although gills are ideal for aquatic environments, they are poorly adapted for land. Why? Exposing the large surface area of the respiratory membrane to air causes too much evaporation. If the gills become dry, the membrane becomes impermeable to the diffusion of gases.

26. The body’s energy-releasing process depends on the digestive system and the breathing system. ? ? glucose is the fuel supplied by the digestive systemoxygen is supplied by the breathing system

27. 1.What is the fuel used by the body’s cells? 2.What gas is needed to release energy from this fuel? 3.Name three organ systems involved.

28. In the body’s cells, the chemical energy stored in glucose is usually released by a chemical reaction with oxygen. This energy-releasing process is called: glucose oxygen energy respiration Why does every living cell need a constant supply of glucose and oxygen?

29. Breathing in obtains the oxygen needed for aerobic respiration. Breathing out removes the waste products of aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration releases energy that is useful. This process is a chemical reaction between glucose and oxygen which also produces waste products. ? glucose oxygen ? energy

30. Water vapour condenses into a liquid and becomes visible. What does this test tell you about aerobic respiration? Another waste product of aerobic respiration must be… What happens when you breathe out onto a cold pane of glass? What happens when you breathe out on a freezing cold day? In both cases, you can see some of the air that you have breathed out. Why? water vapour …water.

31. carbon dioxide glucose oxygen water carbon dioxide water oxygen glucose energy

34. When does the body need to release more energy? During which type of activities is the rate of aerobic respiration higher? not very active = low energy requirements very active = high energy requirements

36. Do All Animals & Plants Respire? We can check this by seeing if they produce carbon dioxide. Lime water goes cloudy & bicarbonate indicator goes from red to yellow if carbon dioxide is present.

39. Smoking: Tobacco smoke contains: Nicotine : addictive Tar : Smokers cough; cancer Carbon monoxide : small babies due to poor growth.

41. Heart Atrium Ventricle Blood vessels Arteries Arterioles Capillaries and capillary beds Venules Veins Blood

42. Voice production relies on: Respiration Phonation Resonance Each of these processes is not independent, and they may change simultaneously.

43. The upper respiratory tract (respiration, eating, articulation, resonance, and phonation) Nasal cavity Oral cavity Pharynx Larynx The lower respiratory tract (breathing for life and for speech) Trachea Bronchi Lungs (with bronchioles/alveoli)

46. Positive pressure breathing in frogs “Gulping in” air Negative pressure breathing in reptiles and mammals Rib muscles and diaphragm change lung volume and pressure

48. CO2 transport 7% in plasma 23% bound to hemoglobin 70% as HCO3 - buffer

49. 1. What are the reactants in the respiration equation? 2. What are the products of respiration? 3. What is the useful product of respiration? 4.Give one reason why respiration must take place in our bodies. 6.What is the difference between respiration and combustion? 5. Where in our bodies does respiration take place?

50. R side of heart: pulmonary circuit L side of heart: systemic circuit one way valves: atrioventricular valves semilunar valves

51. 1. right atrium receives O 2 - poor blood from superior and inferior venae cavae 2. from right atrium into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve 3. pumped into the pulmonary artery through the pulmonary semilunar valve to lungs 4. O 2 -rich blood from lungs is returned to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins 5. enters the left ventricle via the mitral or bicuspid valve 6. exits the left ventricle into the aorta via the aortic semilunar valve 7. circulated to body tissues

52. Open circulatory system Phylum Arthropoda, Phylum Mollusca (with one exception) hemolymph heart(s)  sinuses  ostia  heart(s) diffusion from sinuses to organs often serve a support purpose disadvantage: loss of pressure in sinuses insects: well-developed respiratory systems, O 2 not transported through the blood

53. FISH Single-circulation Fish heart 2-chambered atrium and ventricle African lungfish heart 3-chambered 2 atria LA: O 2 -rich blood RA: O 2 -poor blood spiral fold partially divided ventricle

54. Amphibians Pulmocutaneous and systemic circulation are partly separated Amphibian heart 1 ventricle 2 atria: LA: O 2 -rich blood RA: O 2 -poor blood advantage: oxygen-rich blood reaches the body’s organs faster disadvantage: some mixing of O 2 -rich and poor blood occurs

55. Reptiles Reptilian heart 3-chambers (crocodilians have 4) 2 atria 1 ventricle (2 in crocodiles and alligators) partially divided, decreases mixing

56. Birds and Mammals  4 chambered heart:  2 atria  2 ventricles  full separation of pulmonary and systemic circuits  Advantages 1. no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood 2. gas exchange is maximized 3. pulmonary and systemic circuits operate at different pressures  Importance 1. Endothermic  high nutrient and O 2 demands in tissues 2. Numerous vessels  great deal of resistance, so requires high pressure

57. Glucose and oxygen enter the body in different ways. Glucose and oxygen are transported around the body by the circulatory system. Blood flowing in blood vessels takes these important substances to where they are needed – the body’s cells. Glucose enters by the digestive system. Oxygen enters by the Breathing System.