1. 15.1.2003Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 1 GLOBALISATION I bet it is quite natural to dream about writing software that is being sold around the world… However, there may be some small obstacles on the way to selling your software worldwide. Today we study potential problems and solutions. Terms: Localisation = adjusting software locally Globalisation, internationalisation = creating a software in such a way that it is eays to localise it to different countries.

2. 15.1.2003Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 2 History As a little warm-up, consider the situation about 20 years ago. At that time there was an increasing interest into creating software products, which could be sold to different customers within Finland. For customising the software, it was important to put all user interface constants into a place, where they are easy to change. Program code is not such a place -> parameter files or database are a much better choice.

3. 15.1.2003Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 3 Simple example http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/i18n/inde x.html deals with internationalisation issues.http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/i18n/inde x.html We have a quick look a their example. In the example, multilingual texts are managed using - a locale, identified by a (country, language) pair - resource bundles, one per locale, - property files, where strings are identified by keys Strings are identified by keywords within a locale.

4. 15.1.2003Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 4 What should be globalised? Messages Labels on GUI components Online help Sounds Colors Graphics Icons Dates Times Numbers Currencies Measurements Phone numbers Honorifics and personal titles Postal addresses Page layouts -Our example in the previous slide only dealt with a simple message! -Labels can also be managed in a fairly straightforward manner, if enough space is reserved for them. -Now let’s have a look at the rest…

5. 15.1.2003Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 5 Locales As we saw, globalisation in Java was based on the use of Locales. A local is identified by a language (compulsory), country (optional) and variant (optional). A class, whose behaviour is based on the use of a locale, is called locale-sensitive. You can find locales available to a locale-sensitive class by using the getAvailableLocales() method. There is also a default locale for a Java Virtual Machine, and it can be accessed by Locale.getDefault() Different objects may use different locales.

6. 15.1.2003Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 6 Identify what needs to be managed through locales As you think about locales, you will find out that you have - data items such as messages and sounds, which change altogether with the locale, and - data items, which remain the same, but whose formatting changes, e.g. dates and numbers - possibly data items not to be localised (internal use, interface to another application, …). Design the globalisation - identify which is which. Arrange your data items into resource bundles (e.g. items for the same form in the same bundle, so that you will not need to load unnecessary objects).

7. 15.1.2003Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 7 Formats - numbers Numbers are formatted differently in different countries, e.g.: 345 987,246 – France 345.987,246 – Germany 345,987.246 - US Java includes a NumberFormat class that can be used to format numbers, currencies (no exchange rates, though :) and percentages You can use the NumberFormat class to both create formatted strings and parse strings. You can also provide your own patterns, if this is not enough for you…

8. 15.1.2003Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 8 Dates and Times Similarly as with numbers, dates and time are represented differently. Also similarly, there is a DateFormat class, which you can use to create standard date and time formats. Here again, you may customise – and you may also define your own names for things such as weekdays etc.

9. 15.1.2003Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 9 Messages containing variable parts Examples: - 405,390 people have visited your website since January 1, 1998. (1) - The number has been activated. (2) Word order may change between languages, which may make it impossible to correctly translate message (1) assuming that it is the text between the number and the date. In message (2) the word “activated” may require different translation in some languages (e.g. French) depending on the gender of the word for the device name. Basic rule of thumb: If you can avoid messages containing these variable parts, then do so!

10. 15.1.2003Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 10 Class MessageFormat With the MessageFormat class you can define a message template, which gives the message text and shows where to format the changing data and how. With ChoiceFormat, you can choose between strings using based on a number you give as a parameter (this is particularly handy for managing plurals).

11. 15.1.2003Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 11 Characters US Ascii – 7 bit ISO 8859-X where X is some digit – an 8-bit system – if 8th bit is 0, then the first 7 bits represent a US Ascii character. Windows 125x codepages – similar to ISO 8859-X, but not the same of course – typical Windows interoperability nightmare… Unicode – meant to represent all characters from all languages. Needs more bits (usually done with 16) but there are several encoding schemes. Some, for instance, use two bytes (16 bits) for some characters and one byte (8 bits) for some… http://www.unicode.org/index.html

12. 15.1.2003Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 12 Chinese and Japanese Thousands of symbols. Unicode can do – but you need more pixels on the screen as well. In Japanese there are several writing systems. Text input can be done as followed: 1. The user types in the word in some phonetic writing system based on latin characters. 2. The system shows the characters (there may be many) matching the phonetic writing. 3. The user picks the right character.

13. 15.1.2003Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 13 Korean In the Korean writing system (hangul), characters are composed from parts based on which character follows which. There is a limited number of building blocks ie. character parts (can’t remember, but maybe around 25).

14. 15.1.2003Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 14 Writing order Latin – left to right. In Chinese and Japanese, traditional writing order is top-down, and columns left-to-right. Nowadays adjusted to ordinary left-to-right. In Arabic and Hebrew, the text itself is written from right-to-left, but all latin names (like yours, probably) are written left-to-right in the middle of right-to-left.

15. 15.1.2003Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 15 Character properties Don’t do: if ((ch >= 'a' && ch = 'A' && ch <= 'Z')) // ch is a letter In Java, char represents a Unicode character. You can use class Character to check for things such as white space, digits, upper and lower case. E.g.: Character.isDigit(ch), Character.isLetter(ch), Character.isLowerCase(ch) You can also use.getType() and predefined constants to check things like: if (Character.getType('a') == Character.LOWERCASE_LETTER)

16. 15.1.2003Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 16 Comparing characters and strings You can use the Collator class, e.g.: Collator myCollator = Collator.getInstance(); if( myCollator.compare("abc", "ABC") < 0 ) System.out.println("abc is less than ABC"); else System.out.println("abc is greater than or equal to ABC"); getInstance() takes also a locale as a parameter. You can customise the rules used in the comparisons.

17. 15.1.2003Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 17 Finding boundaries of words, sentences, etc. The boundaries may, of course, be defined differently in different languages. Initialise BreakIterator with one of these methods: - getCharacterInstance - getWordInstance - getSentenceInstance - getLineInstance E.g. BreakIterator sentenceIterator = BreakIterator.getSentenceInstance(currentLocale); One BreakIterator only works with one type of breaks.

18. 15.1.2003Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 18 Colors, gestures, other symbols E.g. in far east there is a lot of symbolism in colors, names, numbers, etc. (e.g. red is a good color, 4 is a bad number, etc.) Also, for instance hand gestures vary from one place to another – what is good here may be bad elsewhere. Even in Europe there is variance. Consider tick marks: x (good here, bad in UK), √ (not exactly like this, however good in UK, bad here).

19. 15.1.2003Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 19 Higher cultural issues General customs How to do business How to be polite How to say no How to avoid ”loosing face” in far east. What to avoid in particular. These issues may have impact on software as well.

20. 15.1.2003Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 20 Conclusions The final conclusion is: ”This is all quite complicated, and if you have to get deeper into these things, find someone who really knows.” When you start writing your software, think a bit on the need of globalisation. If you know that English (or Finnish) is sufficient, then it makes life easier. If you know that globalisation is needed, you should start globalising when you start writing your software! Java offers lots of resources. If you want to re- invent the wheel, this may not be the best place.