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Ch 11 vessels Physiology of circulation
PPT 2
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PULSE Alternate expansion/recoiling of a superficial arterial wall in response to ventricular systole Measured in artery (carotid, radial, or brachial arteries) Average resting pulse usually around 75 b/min
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Blood Pressure Force of blood against blood vessel wall due to ventricular systole, corresponds with cardiac cycle Measured in artery with highest pressure (that is accessible) - brachial artery Systolic pressure- maximum pressure during ventricular systole, 1st sound Diastolic pressure- lowest pressure during ventricular diastole, pause
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Measured in mm of Hg Instruments: Sphygmomanometer & Stethoscope
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Blood pressure Korotkov’s sounds -1st sound during ventricular systole, pause during ventricular diastole; use these to determine pressures Average bp= / 70-80 Ventricular Diastole Ventricular Systole
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FACTORS AFFECTING BP 1.peripheral resistance of blood (friction in BV) atherosclerosis 2.viscosity of blood 3.blood volume (due to water in blood and salt in body) 4.ANS(autonomic nervous system)- by vasoconstriction Sympathetic division increases bp Parasympathetic division decreases bp
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OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING BP
Cardiac output Age Weight Exercise Body position Emotional state Time of day- alters bp, but depends on specifics Exs. Older, out-of-shape, or stressed people have higher bp
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FACTORS AFFECTING BP Kidneys: alter blood volume
Aldosterone: increases water content of blood, Increases Blood Volume Renin: enzyme affects vasoconstriction (both increase bp) Diet: salt, cholesterol, & saturated fat increase bp
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FACTORS AFFECTING BP Temp.- cold increases vasoconstriction, increases bp Chemicals(stimulant drugs) - nicotine, adrenalin, epinephrine cause vasoconstriction which increase bp Chemicals (depressants) - alcohol, and histamine cause vasodilation which decrease bp
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Homeostatic Imbalances
Spider veins Small and superficial
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Homeostatic Imbalances
Varicose veins Enlarged veins
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Homeostatic Imbalances
atherosclerosis Narrowing by plaque & constriction of BV
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Homeostatic Imbalances
hypertension High blood pressure 140/100 or higher
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Homeostatic Imbalances
Aneurysm Enlargement of artery walls; ruptured artery
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Homeostatic Imbalances
Stroke/CVA Lack of blood to brain
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Practical applications
Coronary bypass surgery- treatment, but not cure for atherosclerosis or coronary artery disease
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Practical applications
Angioplasty including balloon catheterization stents
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