1. Developed by Mary Gutiérrez Phillips Tulsa Community College NSF/ATE Award #0602744

2. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 1.What is biotechnology? Bio = life techno = tools ology = the study of

3. Definition: Biotechnology is the use of living organisms, their products or parts (such as protein, DNA or RNA) to make useful products.

4. Examples: vaccines, genetically modified foods and animals, pharmaceuticals (drugs) such as insulin and growth hormone.

5. 2.Is Biotechnology a new science? Yes and No… NO. Humans have been breeding crops and domesticating animals for thousands of years! (10,000 C.E. – 4,000 C.E.)

6. People have been baking bread, making cheese, yogurt and brewing alcoholic beverages. (2000 C.E.)

7. Yes. Since the discovery of DNA, biotechnology has involved the use and manipulation of DNA, RNA and proteins for the development of genetically modified foods, animals, vaccines and other drugs.

8. The microscope is discovered. Leeuwenhoek describes protozoa and bacteria.

9. 1797 Edward Jenner inoculates child with smallpox vaccine.

10. Cell Theory 1838-1839 Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schawnn state: Plants and animals are made up of cells. 1855 Rudolph Virchow states: cells come from cells.

11. 1863 Gregor Mendel discovers principles of how traits are passed from parents to offspring. 1859 Charles Darwin writes “The Origin of Species” and proposes the Theory of Evolution. 1861 Louis Pasteur proposes the “Germ Theory,” pasteurization and discovers the rabies vaccine (1885).

12. 1917 – the first time the word “biotechnology” is used. 1928 - Alexander Fleming discovers the antibiotic penicillin – a mold. 1944 - Avery, MacLeod and McCarty discover DNA is the genetic material. 1915 –Thomas Hunt Morgan studied fruit flies and proposed that chromosomes carry genes.

13. James Watson and Francis Crick describe the structure of DNA. In 1962, they win the Nobel Prize.

14. Adult Stem Cell Research

15. April 19, 1971

16. Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer Cut and paste bacteria and human genes DNA - Recombinant DNA Science http://inventors.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/boyercohen.html U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis.

17. Word “nanotechnology” is coined by Norio Tanihuchi of Japan Nano - means “dwarf” the prefix nano means a billionth or 10 -9 Tech- tools ology- study of Viruses are biological “nanobots.” They range in size between 20 – 200 nanometers. http://www.swbic.org/

18. Definition: Nanotechology manipulates atoms and molecules whose size range from 1-100 nanometers. Special microscopes can see very small objects, molecules and atoms.

19. http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19770418,00.html

20. http://www.allrefer.com/pictures/s4/p0013051-genetic-engineering

21. 1981 Transgenic mice. Mice carry human genes that help scientists test how genes work.

22. Genentech launches commercialization of genetically engineered products.

23. FDA patent approved to use genetically engineered insulin.

24. http://www.fotosearch.com/IMG015/42-16341203/ FDA approves the first genetically engineered vaccine -hepatitis B

26. Project launched to map all of the human chromosomes Genetic Science Learning Center, University of Utah, permission for educational use http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu.http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu

27. Bioinformatics: The use of computers, mathematical analysis and technology to study biological information. Proteomics: The study of how proteins function in the body. New Fields of Study Emerge

28. FDA approves first genetically modified food substance- a recombinant enzyme called chymosin made from genetically modified yeast. Chymosin is used for making cheese. Rennet (natural) comes from suckling calves stomachs.

29. November 8, 1993

30. . FDA approved first genetically modified food. The tomato was resistant to rotting and could ripen on the vine longer.

31. SOURCES: NCFAP (www.ncfap.rg/whatwedo/pdf/2004finalreport.pdf) USDA NASS (www.nass.usda.gov) GE Corn Acreage 2005 USDA NASS 52% of total crop GE Soybean Acreage 2005 USDA NASS 87% of total crop GE Cotton Acreage 2005 USDA NASS 76% of total crop GE Canola Acreage 2002 USDA ERS 75% of total crop GE Squash (yellow straight and crookneck; zucchini) 2003 NCFAP 19% of total crop GE Papaya Acreage 2003 NCFAP 46% of total crop

32. http://www.ers.usda.gov/AmberWaves/September05/Findings/GECropsRising.htm

33. Hello Dolly The first animal cloned from an adult cell. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1741559.stm March 10, 1997

34. 1998 - James Thompson Human Embryonic Stem Cells http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/media

35. August 7, 2006 August 20, 2001 August 30, 2004

36. First cloned cat – CC for “carbon copy”

37. Human Genome sequence completed. All the human genes are mapped.

38. GloFish -first genetically modified pet. Just for fun! http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/12/03/eveningnews/main586693.shtml The zebra fish have a gene from jellyfish or coral that make them glow red, green or yellow.

39. FDA approves first vaccine against cancer. The vaccine blocks several types of the HPV (human papillomavirus) The virus causes genital warts and causes over 70% of cervical cancer. Permission granted: http://rhino.bocklabs.wisc.edu/cgi- in/virusworld/virustable.pl?virusdata=hpv%2C+Human+papilloma+virus%2C+1L0T

40. 3.Why is Biotechnology important? Biotech is important for many reasons: U.S. 300,233,107 World 6,557,779,128 http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html

41. 1.Health care 2.Food and agricultural needs 3.Clean and safe water resources 4.Alternative fuels Biotech is important for many reasons:

42. 5. Forensics 6. Bioremediation (use of bacteria to clean the environment)

43. Careers and Education in Biotechnology

44. START EARLY Education – sciences (biology, chemistry, microbiology, genetics biotechnology), mathematics, business, computers. Talk to teachers, counselors, people in the field, take special workshops, find out about shadowing or internships. Visit your community college!

45. Genetic testing, diseases organ transplants, vaccines, public health, epidemiologist, pharmaceutical development, fertility specialist, Agriculture and wildlife- crop development, pesticide reduction, food safety, wildlife management, species protection, environment protection, clean water, waste management Forensics and law, research how DNA and proteins function

46. Biotechnology and Fears Improve Life or Destroy life? November 13, 2006October 25, 2004

47. 1.Biotechnology Learning Center Interactive Biotechnology Timeline http://www.childrensmuseum.org/biotech/timeline.htm 2. Access Excellence -Biotechnology 1977 to present http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/1977-Present.html 3. Interactive and animated timeline http://www.bio.org/speeches/pubs/er/timeline2.swfhttp://www.bio.org/speeches/pubs/er/timeline2.swf 4. Biotechnology Industry Organization Timeline http://www.bio.org/speeches/pubs/er/timeline.asp 5. Biotechnology Timeline http://www.abpischools.org.uk/resources/poster-series/biotech/timeline.asp 6. Biotechnology Institute Timeline http://www.biotechinstitute.org/what_is/timeline.html 7. Biotechnology Australia Biotechnology Timeline http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au/foodag/timeline.cfmFood 8. Monsanto Company – A Brief Biotech Timeline http://www.biotechknowledge.monsanto.com/biotech/bbasics.nsf/timeline.html?OpenPage 9. North Carolina Biotechnology Center Timeline http://www.ncbiotech.org/resource_center/timeline.html 10. Time Magazine Covers – Free archive http://www.time.com/time/coversearch/ References

48. 11. Permission to use images for educational purposes: Virus image Cornelia Büchen-Osmond ICTVdB Management, Columbia University Email: cb2009@columbia.educb2009@columbia.edu 12. All Refer.com Reference -Genetic engineering of insulin graphic permission for educational purposes http://www.allrefer.com/disclaimer.html#1http://www.allrefer.com/disclaimer.html#1 13. Genetic Science Learning Center, University of Utah, permission for educational use http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu. (colorful chromosomes) http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu 14. National Institute of Health – Stem Cell Information (Promise of Stem Cell diagram) http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/defaultpage.asp http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/defaultpage.asp 15. US Bureau Census – World Population Information - graph http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html 16. Geek Philosopher royalty free photos (sheep, potato) http://geekphilosopher.com/MainPage/bkgVeg.htm 17. U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program http://www.ornl.gov/hgmishttp://www.ornl.gov/hgmis 18. ArgenBio Spanish vocabulary and Timeline http://www.argenbio.org/h/lineat/index.phphttp://www.argenbio.org/h/lineat/index.php 19. Man Receiving Injection 42-16341203 image100 Royalty Free Photograph http://www.fotosearch.com/IMG015/42-16341203 http://www.fotosearch.com/IMG015/42-16341203 20. NIH – stem cells Free image downlodas from NIH – stem cells http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/media/defaultpage.asp http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/media/defaultpage.asp 21. Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page