1. Chapter 3: The Biological Bases of Behavior

2. Communication in the Nervous System Two basic forms of communication –Chemical –Electrical

3. Communication in the Nervous System Glia – structural support and insulation Neurons – communication –Soma –Dendrites –Axon –Myelin sheath –Terminal Branches / Button

4. Figure 3.1 Structure of the neuron

6. Neural Impulse The “information” traveling through the neuron. Hodgkin & Huxley (1952) - Studied a giant squid to understand mechanics of neural transmission

7. Resting Potential Resting potential –Cell is inactive, Stable negative charge Membrane is Polarized

8. The Action Potential Brief change in the electrical charge Stimulation causes cell membrane to open Membrane is Depolarized Electrical charge travels along neuron All – or – none law

9. The Synapse Presynaptic Neuron –Terminal Button Synaptic Cleft Postsynaptic Neuron –Cell Membrane –Dendrite or Soma

10. The Synapse Presynaptic Neuron –Synaptic Vesicles –Neurotransmitters Synaptic Cleft Postsynaptic Neuron –Receptor Sites –Lock and Key

11. When a Neurotransmitter Binds: The Postsynaptic Potential Voltage change at receptor site – Postsynaptic Potential (PSP) –Changes the probability of the postsynaptic neuron firing Positive voltage shift – Excitatory PSP Negative voltage shift – Inhibitory PSP

12. Figure 3.4 Overview of synaptic transmission

13. Neurotransmitters and Behavior Specific neurotransmitters work at specific synapses More than 40 neurotransmitters known at present – 9 are commonly researched. Terms Agonist – mimics neurotransmitter action Antagonist – opposes action of a neurotransmitter

14. Acetylcholine (Ach) Only neurotransmitter found between motor neurons and voluntary muscles. Contributes to the regulation of attention, arousal and memory--Alzheimer's patients have decreased levels of ACh. –Nicotine is an Agonist –Alzheimer’s medication is an Agonist –Curare is an Antagonist –Botox is an Antagonist

15. Monoamines Three neurotransmitters that regulate everyday behaviors. –Dopamine (DA) –Serotonin –Norepinephrine (NE)

16. ADHD Inattention and distractibility appear to be related to low levels of Norepinephrine. ADHD Children/Adults can't judge which things in their environment are important and which should be ignored. Low levels of Norepinephrine also make it very difficult for ADHD Children/Adults to sustain their focus on a task, plan ahead, and understand such concepts as sequence and time. The impulse and behavior problems found in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) appear related to low levels of Dopamine in the brain. Low levels of dopamine in the brain makes control of impulsive behavior almost impossible in the ADHD Child/Adult.

17. GABA Gamma-aminobutric acid Inhibitory Anxiety

18. Endorphins Internally produced chemicals that resemble opiates in structure and effects.

19. Table 3.1 Common Neurotransmitters and Some of their Functions

20. Organization of the Nervous System Central nervous system (CNS) –Brain –Spinal Cord –CerebroSpinal Fluid Peripheral nervous system –Somatic nervous system –Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Sympathetic Parasympathetic

21. Figure 3.5 Organization of the human nervous system

22. Figure 3.6 The central and peripheral nervous systems

23. Figure 3.7 The autonomic nervous system (ANS)

24. Studying the Brain: Research Methods Spinal Tap EEG Electrical stimulation (ESB) Damage studies/lesioning Brain imaging – –Computerized Tomography (CAT/CT) –Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) –Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

25. CT Scan X-ray Source X-ray Detectors Fan Shaped Beam

26. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

27. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

28. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Pulsed Magnetic Field Positioning Frame Resting Neurons Activated Neurons Stimulated Brain Region Maximum Filed Depth Magnetic Field (a)(b) (c)

29. Figure 3.12 Structures and areas in the human brain

30. Brain Regions and Functions Hindbrain Vital Functions –Medulla –Pons –Cerebellum

31. Figure 3.12 Structures and areas in the human brain

32. Brain Regions and Functions Midbrain Sensory functions Reticular Activating System

33. Figure 3.12 Structures and areas in the human brain

34. Brain Regions and Functions Forebrain Emotion, complex thought –Thalamus –Hypothalamus –Limbic System –Cerebrum Cerebral Cortex

35. Right Brain/Left Brain: Cerebral Specialization Cerebral Hemispheres – two specialized halves connected by the corpus collosum –Left hemisphere – verbal processing: language, speech, reading, writing –Right hemisphere – nonverbal processing: spatial, musical, visual recognition

36. Figure 3.14 The cerebral hemispheres and the corpus callosum

37. Animation 3.7 Right Brain/Left Brain Windows Mac OS X

38. The Cerebrum: The Seat of Complex Thought Four Lobes: –Occipital – vision –Parietal - somatosensory –Temporal - auditory –Frontal – movement, executive control systems

39. Figure 3.15 The cerebral cortex in humans

40. Figure 3.16 Language processing in the brain

41. The Endocrine System: Another Way to Communicate Hormones – chemical messengers in the bloodstream Endocrine glands –Pituitary – “master gland,” growth hormone –Thyroid – metabolic rate –Adrenal – salt and carbohydrate metabolism –Pancreas – sugar metabolism –Gonads – sex hormones

42. Basic Principles of Genetics Chromosomes – strands of DNA carrying genetic information –Human cells contain 46 chromosomes in pairs (sex-cells – 23 single) –Each chromosome – thousands of genes, also in pairs Polygenic traits Dominant Recessive Traits

43. Research Methods in Behavioral Genetics Family studies – does it run in the family? Twin studies – compare resemblance of identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic) twins on a trait Adoption studies – examine resemblance between adopted children and their biological and adoptive parents

44. Figure 3.19 Genetic relatedness

45. Figure 3.20 Twin studies of intelligence and personality

46. The Evolutionary Bases of Behavior Based on Darwin’s ideas of natural selection –Reproductive success key Adaptations – behavioral as well as physical –Fight-or-flight response –Taste preferences –Parental investment and mating