1. Recall that the main functions of the endocrine system are to…
BIOL 2030 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
Recall that the main functions of the endocrine system are to…
Regulate tissues/cells *
Metabolism
Control of food intake & digestion
Tissue development
Ion levels
Water balance
Heart rate and blood pressure
Control of blood glucose & nutrients
Control of reproduction
Uterine and mammary contractions
Immune system function

2. What are the parts and how do they fit?
Guiding questions for this chapter:
What gland?
What hormone?
What target tissue(s)?
What response?
What problems?

3. What Gland?

4. What Gland? ________________
Portion of the brain connected to the pituitary via the thin stalk called the __________.
Hypothalamus is comprised of _______________.

5. What Hormones?
All the hormones formed by the hypothalamus are either “R” ____________ or “I” _____________.
_______ -- Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
_______ -- Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone
_______ -- Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
_______ Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
_______ Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
_______ Prolactin Releasing Hormone
_______ Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone

6. What target tissue(s)?
All of the hypothalamus hormones (“R” and “I”) target the cells in the _________ ___________.
Note that the hypothalamus interacts specifically with the …

7. What is the target tissue response?
In response to the “R” and “I” hormones of the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary _______________ that influence the activity of different glands throughout the body. The action and type of the second hormone (anterior pituitary) is specified in the name of the first hormone (hypothalamal)
Ex. Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone causes the secretion of ___________________

8. How does the hypothalamus interact with the pituitary?
Hypothalamal hormones travel to the anterior pituitary gland via a special blood vessel network called a ______ _______. The whole structure is referred to as the …

9. What Gland?

10. What Gland?
The _______ is comprised of 2 distinct tissues from 2 distinct origins: 1) 2)
We will consider them individually… 1) _________________ (___________________) 2) _________________ (___________________)

11. What Hormones?
All the hormones secreted by the _________ ______are actually formed by _________________ in the ____________ and are distributed along axonic nerve tracts, down the __________ to the enlarged vesicles in the posterior pituitary.
________ -- Synthetic is Pitocin
_____ (__________) -- Anti Diuretic Hormone

12. What is the target tissue response?
What target tissue(s)?
What is the target tissue response?
Oxytocin -- causes _______ ______ contraction in the mammary glands and uterus.
ADH -- causes the ______ to reabsorb water from urine.

13. What Gland? What Hormones? ___________________(adenohypophysis)
____ -- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
____ -- Adreno CorticoTropic Hormone
___ -- Luteinizing Hormone
_____ -- Follicle Stimulating Hormone
________ --
_______________… cause secretion of ______ hormones from other glands!

14. What Gland? What Hormones? ________________ (adenohypophysis)
____ -- Growth Hormone
____ -- Melanocyte- Stimulating Hormone
____________ --
______________--

15. What target tissues & target tissue responses?
GH a.a. uptake, lipolysis, somatomedins
MSH darker skin color
Lipotropin lipolysis
ß endorphins Analgesia
ACTH glucocorticoid secretion (cortisol)
LH ovulation/progesterone, testosterone
FSH follicle/estrogen, sperm cell production
Prolactin progesterone, milk

16. What Gland?
Thyroid Gland consists of 2 lobes joined by a narrow bridge (___________).
Located _________ to the larynx and __________ to the trachea. *

17. What Gland?
Functionally the thyroid can be divided into 2 main histological components: 1) _________________, which surround sacs (follicles) within the thyroid and 2) _________________, which are found in clusters in between follicles.
Parafollicular cells
Follicular cells
Follicle

18. What Hormones?
Follicular cells secrete ____ (triiodothyronine) and ____ (tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine)
These hormones depend on _____ for their synthesis. They are bound with the protein thyroglobulin inside the follicle. About __________worth stored in follicles and in circulation. T3 & T4 released from thyroglobulin before release into bloodstream.

19. What Hormones?
T3 and T4 (thyroxine)

20. What target tissues and target tissue responses?
Targets =
Response = > _________, > _____ _________ and ______ growth & development

21. What target tissue(s) & response?
What Gland & Hormone?
Calcitonin = Blood Ca2+
________________ of the thyroid gland secrete their own hormone: __________.
Parafollicular cells
What target tissue(s) & response?
Calcitonin…

22. Take 5!!!
An enlargement of the thyroid (goiter) can develop from iodine deficiencies. Why does the thyroid gland respond by swelling?
Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer

23. What diseases & disorders are related to too <>?
_______________ (Grave’s disease)
Symptoms?
Hypothyroidism

24. What Gland?
___________ glands are comprised of 2 pairs (__) small glands embedded in the _____________ portion of the thyroid lobes.

25. Take 5!!! Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer
This patient exhibits retardation of both mental development and growth… a blood test indicates that he is NOT Down’s Syndrome and he does NOT have a shortage of growth hormone. What hormone IS insufficient?
Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer

26. What Hormones? A
_____ -- Parathyroid Hormone.
Which of the 2 photomicrographs is of parathyroid tissue? (hint: only thyroid stores products extracellularly) B

27. What is the target tissue response?
What target tissue(s)?
Bone, small intestines and kidneys are target organs for _____.
PTH = Blood Ca2+
Antagonist to Calcitonin
What is the target tissue response?
The response of all three types of organs is to attempt to _________________________________ (Ca2+ ).
Osseous (bone) tissue responds with an elevated _______ (dissolve bone) activity and suppressed ________ (build bone) activity.
______________and __________ increase re-absorption rate of Ca2+ from digested food and urine respectively.

28. What Gland?
Adrenal gland
____________ are a pair of glands that sit superior to the kidneys.
These glands have 2 distinct components, each with distinct developmental origins.
An outer layer of the gland, the _________ is derived from ________. While the inner layer of the gland, the ________ is derived from _________________ during development.

29. What Hormones?
The hormones secreted are specific to each region of the gland.
Medulla:
Cortex has 3 subregions: _____________ _____________ _____________
: Adrenal androgens (ex. Androstenedione)
: glucocorticoids (ex. Cortisol)
: mineralocorticoids (ex. Aldosterone)

30. Preparation for physical activity
What target tissue(s) & response for epinephrine?
Target tissues include …
The response is…
Preparation for physical activity

31. Adrenogenital syndrome
What target tissue(s) & response for adrenal androgens?
_________________ (ex. Androstenedione) are converted enzymatically into more potent androgens such as ___________.
In males this has minimal effect compared to testosterone secretion. During development __________ of these adrenal androgens can play an important role in genital development.
Adrenogenital syndrome

32. What target tissue(s) & response for glucocorticoids?
______________ (ex. Cortisol) target many tissues including, muscle, skeletal, adipose, liver & immune.
The non-immune component’s responses are …
Immune response is _____________ and lowered ____________.
See Cushing’s Syndrome for long-term effects

33. Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer
Take 5!!!
Cortisone, a drug similar to cortisol is sometimes given to people who have severe allergies. Taking this substance chronically can damage the adrenal cortex. Explain how this damage can occur!
Hint: start by mapping out the regulation of this hormone
Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer

34. Take 5!!!

35. What target tissue(s) & response for minerlocorticoids?
_________________ (ex. Aldosterone) target mainly renal tissues (kidneys).
The response is an increased re-absorption of ___, (which results in increased _______________ and blood volume) and increased excretion of ____
We will discuss this in more detail while exploring the Excretory (Urinary) system.

36. Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer
Take 5!!!
Because high blood levels of aldosterone cause retention of Na+ and excretion on K+, predict and explain the effects of high aldosterone levels and conversely low aldosterone levels on muscle and nervous tissue?
Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer

37. What Gland?
The __________ functions as both an _______ gland (products transported via ducts) and as an _______ gland (ductless).
The endocrine portion of the pancreas is restricted to small clumps of cells called _______________ (or islets of Langerhans).

38. What Hormones?
Pancreatic islets are comprised of 3 distinct types of cells, each producing a particular hormone/intercellular chemical:
_____ (α) cells
____ (ß) cells
____ (δ) cells
: Glucagon
: Insulin
: Somatostatin (what type of signal?)

39. What target tissue(s) and responses?
_____: most tissues (except CNS) -- Causes cellular uptake of glucose, a. a. & fatty acids from blood.
_______: primarily liver -- Causes breakdown of glycogen.
____________: alpha and beta cells of pancreas -- Inhibits their activity.

40. T
What Gland? 
The ______are male sex glands that secrete ___________, which targets many cells in the body and which results in masculinization.
The ________ are female sex glands that secrete __________ and ___________. These hormones influence female secondary sex characteristics as well as many other functions.
We will discuss in more detail during explorations of the Reproductive system.

41. What Gland?

42. What effect on reproduction?
What Gland?
The ____________ is in the epithalamus.
It secretes ____________, which targets the hypothalamus.
The response is decreased ____ secretion.
What effect on reproduction?
Activity is sensitive to _________.

43. What Gland? The _______________is located superior to the heart.
Thymus
The _______________is located superior to the heart.
This gland is associated with immune function and influences the maturation of white blood cells called _____ via hormone ____________.
The Thymus gland __________ with age.

44. Do other organs/structures secrete hormones ?
The __________: atrial natriuretic hormone
The _______: Calcitriol Erythropoietin
The ______: Somatomedins Erythropoietin Angiotensinogen
The ______ and _______________: enteric hormones
The __________: estrogen and progesterone

45. A few more thought questions?
A person with a toxic goiter tends to sweat profusely. Explain this in terms of homeostasis!
Review the effects of anabolic steroid abuse and explain how some of these effects may relate to the concept of down-regulation.