1. Challenger expedition 1872-1876

2. Woods Hole, Massachusetts Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford Scripps Institute of OceanographyFriday Harbor Labs, Washington

3. Submersibles

4. R/V FLIP, floating instrument platform

5. Scientific Method What? Why? How?

6. Inductive approach: from specific observations to the general Deductive approach: use general principles in predicting specific outcomes

7. Ocean Basin Geography

8. Interconnected World Ocean system

9. How did we get these ocean basins? Continental drift –all the continents had once been joined in a single ‘supercontinent’ called Pangaea Plate tectonics Sea floor spreading

12. Mid Ocean Ridge Continuous chain of submarine volcanic mountains encircling the globe –Largest geological feature on earth –Is not static; slips and slides

13. Sea floor spreading As ridges separate, molten mantle rises up through rift

14. Moving plates

15. Collisions Creates trenches or subduction zones –Earthquakes & volcanos –Less dense continental crust floats on top; lasts forever –Form volcanic islands

17. Kilauea, Hawai’i