1. 456-466 * Analyze Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses. * Describe Luther’s beliefs and their impact on society. Analyze 456-466 * Analyze Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses. * Describe Luther’s beliefs and their impact on society. Analyze

2. Martin Luther Martin Luther The Birth of Protestantism Directions: Skim read each of the following Skim read each of the following documents by Martin Luther documents by Martin Luther and make note of what he’s and make note of what he’s suggesting: suggesting: “The Ninety-Five Theses”“The Ninety-Five Theses” “Defiance of the Pope”“Defiance of the Pope”

3. Martin Luther Martin Luther Faith alone leads to salvation! The Birth of Protestantism Son of copper miner from Saxony in Son of copper miner from Saxony in Germany, father wanted him to train Germany, father wanted him to train as an attorney. as an attorney. After a frightening thunderstorm After a frightening thunderstorm Luther joins monastery and is Luther joins monastery and is ordained in 1509. ordained in 1509. Very concerned with his salvation.Very concerned with his salvation. Studied the Pauline letters and Studied the Pauline letters and concluded that only faith in Christ concluded that only faith in Christ alone led to salvation. alone led to salvation.

4. The Birth of Protestantism  Pope Leo X authorized the sale of indulgences.  Archbishop Albert of Magdeburg hired John Tetzel to oversee the collection of funds.  Luther openly criticized the use of Indulgences (works) to gain salvation.  October 31, 1517, he posted his 95 Theses on the Castle Church in Wittenberg – Ideas spread without his knowledge. Pope Leo X John Tetzel

5. Matthias Gerung, Folly of Indulgences In this woodcut by Matthias Gerung, the sale of indulgences is viciously satirized. With one claw in the holy water symbolizing the rite of purification, and the other claw resting on the coins paid for indulgences, the church, in the form of a rapacious eagle with its right hand stretched out for offerings, writes out an indulgence with excrement--which represents its worth. Fools, in a false security, sit in the animal's gaping mouth, representing hell. Matthias Gerung, Folly of Indulgences Copyright ©Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

6. The Birth of Protestantism  Luther publicly challenges the Pope in 1519 by writing a letter “Defiance of the Pope”.  Holy Roman Emperor Charles V declares Luther an outlaw and calls declares Luther an outlaw and calls him to appear at the “Diet of Worms” him to appear at the “Diet of Worms” in 1521. in 1521.  In 1530, Luther appears at “Augsburg Confession” at “Augsburg Confession” to explain his teachings; the to explain his teachings; the basis of Lutheranism. basis of Lutheranism. Charles V

7. Meeting that formulated Lutheranism In this woodcut of the Augsburg Confession being read to Charles V, the artist has included text and images of the Lutheran teachings on the sacraments and the nature of salvation in the background. In contrast are the images on the left of a papal ceremony and court hierarchy in which, the artist implies, Christ is not present. * Augsburg Confession (Diet of Augsburg) - 1530 Christ

8. The Birth of Protestantism  Luther publicly challenges the Pope in 1519 by writing a letter “Defiance of the Pope”.  Holy Roman Emperor Charles V declares Luther an outlaw and calls declares Luther an outlaw and calls him to appear at the “Diet of Worms” him to appear at the “Diet of Worms” in 1521. in 1521.  In 1530, Luther appears at “Augsburg Confession” at “Augsburg Confession” to explain his teachings; the to explain his teachings; the basis of Lutheranism. basis of Lutheranism.  Swiss priest Ulrich Zwingli Ulrich ZwingliUlrich Zwingli joins with Luther by 1519. joins with Luther by 1519. Charles V

9. Luther believed:  Salvation comes by faith alone, not works.  Religious authority resides in the Bible, (“sola scriptura”) not the Pope, and is open to interpretation by one’s conscience.  The church is a community of believers, not just clergy.  All vocations are equal in the eyes of God.  There are only 3 sacraments: baptism,the Lord’s Supper (Eucharist or Holy Communion) and penance.  The importance of marriage.  A women’s place was in the home.  Consubstantiation rather than transubstantiation.

10. Social Effects of Luther’s Teachings  1. Preacherships established in Germany to give sermonsestablished in Germany to give sermons  2. Peasant Revolts based on his work On Christian Liberty (1520)based on his work On Christian Liberty (1520)  3. Humanists educated men and women were attracted toeducated men and women were attracted to his teachings his teachings  4. Encouraged enlightened views Wrote that sexuality within marriage is notWrote that sexuality within marriage is not shameful shameful

11. Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553) is known for his portraits. He painted the dual portraits of Martin Luther and his wife Katharine von Bora, who married in 1525 and had an exceptionally happy union. Luther and his wife Katherine von Bora