1. Definitions
Theory, concept, construct, proposition, empirical generalization, model, and conceptual models
20 April 2017

2. Theory Terminology Many different definitions
Understanding vs. memorization
No absolute or correct definition for terms
20 April 2017

3. Theory Set of defined concepts and propositions
Presents a view of a phenomenon
Helps describe, explain or predict
Makes scientific findings meaningful and generalizable
20 April 2017

4. Concept The building blocks A word picture or mental idea
It symbolizes some aspect of reality
Concrete or abstract
20 April 2017

5. Construct Highly abstract Very complex phenomenon
Cannot be directly observed
Must be inferred by other phenomenon
20 April 2017

6. Proposition Is a statement or assertion
Shows a relationship between concepts
Statements come from theories
Generalizations based on empirical data
There is a relationship between temperature and pulse or bacteria cause disease
20 April 2017

7. Empirical Generalizations
When a similar pattern of events is found in the empirical data of a number of different studies
Summarizes results of many empirical studies
Statements tested repeatedly and not disproved
Ex: studies have shown that women attend church more then men ,the empirical generalization : women are more frequent church attendees than men
20 April 2017

8. Hypothesis Predicts relationship between variables
Presents expectations about study outcomes
Tested in the real world
Helps support or reject a tested theory
20 April 2017

9. Model A symbolic representation of phenomena
Focuses on structure or composition
Uses a likeness of something
Presents itself in pictorial, diagrammatic, structural way
Helps describ the theory in a very clear way
20 April 2017

10. Conceptual Models Made up of concepts and prepositions
Show relationship between concepts
Are very abstract and not easily observable
20 April 2017

11. Concepts for Nursing Theories
Person
Environment
Health
Nursing
20 April 2017

12. Nursing Model Examples
Orem’s Self-care model concepts
Self-care
Self-care agency
Self-care demand
Self-care deficit
Nursing agency
Nursing system
20 April 2017

13. Nursing Model Examples
Three theories from Orem’s Model
Theory of Nursing Systems
Theory of Self-care Deficit
Theory of Self-care
20 April 2017

14. Rogers’ Science of Unitary Human Beings
Humans and environment
Energy Fields
Each human field is unique
Change is always present
Person is “a unified whole”
20 April 2017

15. Roy’s Adaptation Model
Person as a total being
Humans are biopsychosocial beings
Humans are in constant interaction with environment
Humans are adaptive systems
Four responsive modes
Physiological
Self-concept
Role function
Interdependence
20 April 2017

16. Neuman’s Systems Model
Focuses on total person
Individual
Group
Community
Environmental stressors
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Extra personal
20 April 2017

17. Neuman’s Systems Model
Client system
Physiological
Psychological
Sociocultural
Developmental
Spiritual
20 April 2017

18. Theoretical Framework
Broad general explanation
Shows relationships between concepts
Based on one existing theory
20 April 2017

19. Conceptual Framework Develops when no existing theory fits
Helps explain relationship between concepts
Concepts are related in logical manner
May result in another theory
Based on more than one theory
20 April 2017

20. Theory generation and development
Deductive and inductive reasoning processes in theory generation and development
Goes hand in hand
Uses deductive reasoning
Uses inductive reasoning
20 April 2017

21. Deductive Reasoning Moves general to specific Uses general (theory)
Hypothesis is deduced
Empirically tested done
20 April 2017

22. Inductive Reasoning Moves from specific to general
Empirical data is obtained
Empirical generalizations are made
Propositional statements are produced
A theory is developed
20 April 2017

23. The steps used in testing a theory
Review the literature
Select a theory that fits
Use a theory that works
Describes the relationship
Explains the relationship
20 April 2017

24. Step-by-Step Approach
Review theories that examine the problem
Select a theory to be tested
Review the literature
Use a primary source
20 April 2017

25. Step-by-Step Approach
Develop study hypotheses or research questions
Define study variables
Choose study tools that are congruent
Describe the findings using the theory
20 April 2017

26. Step-by-Step Approach
Relates study conclusions to the theory
Determine support for the theory
Determine implications for nursing practice
Make recommendations for future research
20 April 2017

27. The Study Framework critique
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Where to find it?
Introductory section
Literature section
20 April 2017

28. The Appropriateness of the Theory
Read the entire report
Is the theory appropriate?
What other theory could be used?
Check for concepts and relationships
Note operational definitions in study
20 April 2017

29. Guidelines for Critiquing the Report
Is the framework clearly identified?
Is the framework based on a nursing or discipline theory?
Does the framework appear to be appropriate for the study?
Are the concepts clearly defined?
20 April 2017

30. Guidelines for Critiquing the Report
Are the relationships between the concepts clearly presented?
Are the propositional statements that guide the question/hypothesis identified?
Are the operational definitions provided for the concepts tested?
20 April 2017