Chapter 21: The Progressive Era,

Chapter 21: The Progressive Era, 1900 - 1917
What is Progressivism? What was the Progressive movement? Social/political movement of early 1900s that attempted to use activism as well as gov’t power to cure social problems Why was this so groundbreaking? Before about 1900, people didn’t think of gov’t as a reform tool Just supposed to ensure security, protect freedoms, advance national interests, etc.

What did the Progressive movement attempt to do? Fix the problems of the late 1800’s (Gilded Age) May of these issues stemmed from the rapid industrialization, immigration, urbanization, expansion, etc. of that era. Issues from the “Age of Reform” during the 1840’s What topics concerned Progressives? Labor reform Immigration reform Voting reform Business regulation Environmental protection Consumer protection Moral standards Alcohol/drug regulation Health regulations Women’s suffrage

Who made up the Progressives?

Who made up the Progressives? Educated, middle class

Who made up the Progressives? Educated, middle class Activists

Who made up the Progressives? Educated, middle class Activists Journalists

Who made up the Progressives? Educated, middle class Activists Journalists Academics

Who made up the Progressives? Educated, middle class Activists Journalists Academics Politicians

Who made up the Progressives? Educated, middle class Activists Journalists Academics Politicians NOT a separate party (initially)

Who made up the Progressives? Educated, middle class Activists Journalists Academics Politicians NOT a separate party (initially) Democrats & Republicans joined movement; also opposed certain ideals

Who made up the Progressives? Educated, middle class Activists Journalists Academics Politicians NOT a separate party (initially) Democrats & Republicans joined movement; also opposed certain ideals So, not a “party line” issue

Who made up the Progressives? Educated, middle class Activists Journalists Academics Politicians NOT a separate party (initially) Democrats & Republicans joined movement; also opposed certain ideals So, not a “party line” issue Where did it start?

Who made up the Progressives? Educated, middle class Activists Journalists Academics Politicians NOT a separate party (initially) Democrats & Republicans joined movement; also opposed certain ideals So, not a “party line” issue Where did it start? “Grassroots” movement

Who made up the Progressives? Educated, middle class Activists Journalists Academics Politicians NOT a separate party (initially) Democrats & Republicans joined movement; also opposed certain ideals So, not a “party line” issue Where did it start? “Grassroots” movement The Progressives got the people interested/outraged…

Who made up the Progressives? Educated, middle class Activists Journalists Academics Politicians NOT a separate party (initially) Democrats & Republicans joined movement; also opposed certain ideals So, not a “party line” issue Where did it start? “Grassroots” movement The Progressives got the people interested/outraged… then local politicians…

Who made up the Progressives? Educated, middle class Activists Journalists Academics Politicians NOT a separate party (initially) Democrats & Republicans joined movement; also opposed certain ideals So, not a “party line” issue Where did it start? “Grassroots” movement The Progressives got the people interested/outraged… then local politicians… then state…

Who made up the Progressives? Educated, middle class Activists Journalists Academics Politicians NOT a separate party (initially) Democrats & Republicans joined movement; also opposed certain ideals So, not a “party line” issue Where did it start? “Grassroots” movement The Progressives got the people interested/outraged… then local politicians… then state… then federal government

Who made up the Progressives? Educated, middle class Activists Journalists Academics Politicians NOT a separate party (initially) Democrats & Republicans joined movement; also opposed certain ideals So, not a “party line” issue Where did it start? “Grassroots” movement The Progressives got the people interested/outraged… then local politicians… then state… then federal government What event really got the movement going?

Who made up the Progressives? Educated, middle class Activists Journalists Academics Politicians NOT a separate party (initially) Democrats & Republicans joined movement; also opposed certain ideals So, not a “party line” issue Where did it start? “Grassroots” movement The Progressives got the people interested/outraged… then local politicians… then state… then federal government What event really got the movement going? Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911)

Who made up the Progressives? Educated, middle class Activists Journalists Academics Politicians NOT a separate party (initially) Democrats & Republicans joined movement; also opposed certain ideals So, not a “party line” issue Where did it start? “Grassroots” movement The Progressives got the people interested/outraged… then local politicians… then state… then federal government What event really got the movement going? Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911) Convinced people of need to reform labor laws

Progressive Writers Reaction to Social Darwinism Thorstein Veblen The Theory of the Leisure Class William James Pragmatism Herbert Croly The Promise of American Life Advocated activist gov’t that promotes the interest of the masses Jane Addams Twenty Years at Hull House John Dewey Public education as instrument of reform

Progressive Writers

Progressive Writers Reaction to Social Darwinism

Progressive Writers Reaction to Social Darwinism Thorstein Veblen

Progressive Writers Reaction to Social Darwinism Thorstein Veblen The Theory of the Leisure Class

Progressive Writers Reaction to Social Darwinism Thorstein Veblen The Theory of the Leisure Class William James

Progressive Writers Reaction to Social Darwinism Thorstein Veblen The Theory of the Leisure Class William James Pragmatism

Progressive Writers Reaction to Social Darwinism Thorstein Veblen The Theory of the Leisure Class William James Pragmatism Herbert Croly

Progressive Writers Reaction to Social Darwinism Thorstein Veblen The Theory of the Leisure Class William James Pragmatism Herbert Croly The Promise of American Life

Progressive Writers Reaction to Social Darwinism Thorstein Veblen The Theory of the Leisure Class William James Pragmatism Herbert Croly The Promise of American Life Advocated activist gov’t that promotes the interest of the masses

Progressive Writers Reaction to Social Darwinism Thorstein Veblen The Theory of the Leisure Class William James Pragmatism Herbert Croly The Promise of American Life Advocated activist gov’t that promotes the interest of the masses Jane Addams

Progressive Writers Reaction to Social Darwinism Thorstein Veblen The Theory of the Leisure Class William James Pragmatism Herbert Croly The Promise of American Life Advocated activist gov’t that promotes the interest of the masses Jane Addams Twenty Years at Hull House

Progressive Writers Reaction to Social Darwinism Thorstein Veblen The Theory of the Leisure Class William James Pragmatism Herbert Croly The Promise of American Life Advocated activist gov’t that promotes the interest of the masses Jane Addams Twenty Years at Hull House John Dewey

Progressive Writers Reaction to Social Darwinism Thorstein Veblen The Theory of the Leisure Class William James Pragmatism Herbert Croly The Promise of American Life Advocated activist gov’t that promotes the interest of the masses Jane Addams Twenty Years at Hull House John Dewey Public education as instrument of reform Pushed for social education; democratic ideals in school

Progressive Writers Reaction to Social Darwinism Thorstein Veblen The Theory of the Leisure Class William James Pragmatism Herbert Croly The Promise of American Life Advocated activist gov’t that promotes the interest of the masses Jane Addams Twenty Years at Hull House John Dewey Public education as instrument of reform Pushed for social education; democratic ideals in school Oliver Wendell Holmes

Progressive Writers Reaction to Social Darwinism Thorstein Veblen The Theory of the Leisure Class William James Pragmatism Herbert Croly The Promise of American Life Advocated activist gov’t that promotes the interest of the masses Jane Addams Twenty Years at Hull House John Dewey Public education as instrument of reform Pushed for social education; democratic ideals in school Oliver Wendell Holmes Society changes – laws must change

Progressive Writers: The Muckrakers

Progressive Writers: The Muckrakers Journalists who exposed America’s “dirty” secrets

Progressive Writers: The Muckrakers Journalists who exposed America’s “dirty” secrets Nonfiction

Progressive Writers: The Muckrakers Journalists who exposed America’s “dirty” secrets Nonfiction Lincoln Steffens

Progressive Writers: The Muckrakers Journalists who exposed America’s “dirty” secrets Nonfiction Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities : plight of the urban poor

Progressive Writers: The Muckrakers Journalists who exposed America’s “dirty” secrets Nonfiction Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities : plight of the urban poor Ida Tarbell

Progressive Writers: The Muckrakers Journalists who exposed America’s “dirty” secrets Nonfiction Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities : plight of the urban poor Ida Tarbell History of Standard Oil : shady business practices

Progressive Writers: The Muckrakers Journalists who exposed America’s “dirty” secrets Nonfiction Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities : plight of the urban poor Ida Tarbell History of Standard Oil : shady business practices David Graham Phillips

Progressive Writers: The Muckrakers Journalists who exposed America’s “dirty” secrets Nonfiction Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities : plight of the urban poor Ida Tarbell History of Standard Oil : shady business practices David Graham Phillips Treason of the Senate :Senate “controlled” by big business

Progressive Writers: The Muckrakers Journalists who exposed America’s “dirty” secrets Nonfiction Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities : plight of the urban poor Ida Tarbell History of Standard Oil : shady business practices David Graham Phillips Treason of the Senate :Senate “controlled” by big business Also

Progressive Writers: The Muckrakers Journalists who exposed America’s “dirty” secrets Nonfiction Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities : plight of the urban poor Ida Tarbell History of Standard Oil : shady business practices David Graham Phillips Treason of the Senate :Senate “controlled” by big business Also Lewis Hine & Jacob Riis (photographers)

Progressive Writers: The Muckrakers Journalists who exposed America’s “dirty” secrets Nonfiction Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities : plight of the urban poor Ida Tarbell History of Standard Oil : shady business practices David Graham Phillips Treason of the Senate :Senate “controlled” by big business Also Lewis Hine & Jacob Riis (photographers) McClure’s & Collier’s magazine

Progressive Writers: The Muckrakers Journalists who exposed America’s “dirty” secrets Nonfiction Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities : plight of the urban poor Ida Tarbell History of Standard Oil : shady business practices David Graham Phillips Treason of the Senate :Senate “controlled” by big business Also Lewis Hine & Jacob Riis (photographers) McClure’s & Collier’s magazine Novelists

Progressive Writers: The Muckrakers Journalists who exposed America’s “dirty” secrets Nonfiction Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities : plight of the urban poor Ida Tarbell History of Standard Oil : shady business practices David Graham Phillips Treason of the Senate :Senate “controlled” by big business Also Lewis Hine & Jacob Riis (photographers) McClure’s & Collier’s magazine Novelists Upton Sinclair

Progressive Writers: The Muckrakers Journalists who exposed America’s “dirty” secrets Nonfiction Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities : plight of the urban poor Ida Tarbell History of Standard Oil : shady business practices David Graham Phillips Treason of the Senate :Senate “controlled” by big business Also Lewis Hine & Jacob Riis (photographers) McClure’s & Collier’s magazine Novelists Upton Sinclair The Jungle: meatpacking industry

Progressive Writers: The Muckrakers Journalists who exposed America’s “dirty” secrets Nonfiction Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities : plight of the urban poor Ida Tarbell History of Standard Oil : shady business practices David Graham Phillips Treason of the Senate :Senate “controlled” by big business Also Lewis Hine & Jacob Riis (photographers) McClure’s & Collier’s magazine Novelists Upton Sinclair The Jungle: meatpacking industry Frank Norris

Progressive Writers: The Muckrakers Journalists who exposed America’s “dirty” secrets Nonfiction Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities : plight of the urban poor Ida Tarbell History of Standard Oil : shady business practices David Graham Phillips Treason of the Senate :Senate “controlled” by big business Also Lewis Hine & Jacob Riis (photographers) McClure’s & Collier’s magazine Novelists Upton Sinclair The Jungle: meatpacking industry Frank Norris The Octopus and McTeague

Progressive Writers: The Muckrakers Journalists who exposed America’s “dirty” secrets Nonfiction Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities : plight of the urban poor Ida Tarbell History of Standard Oil : shady business practices David Graham Phillips Treason of the Senate :Senate “controlled” by big business Also Lewis Hine & Jacob Riis (photographers) McClure’s & Collier’s magazine Novelists Upton Sinclair The Jungle: meatpacking industry Frank Norris The Octopus and McTeague Theodore Dreiser

Progressive Writers: The Muckrakers Journalists who exposed America’s “dirty” secrets Nonfiction Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities : plight of the urban poor Ida Tarbell History of Standard Oil : shady business practices David Graham Phillips Treason of the Senate :Senate “controlled” by big business Also Lewis Hine & Jacob Riis (photographers) McClure’s & Collier’s magazine Novelists Upton Sinclair The Jungle: meatpacking industry Frank Norris The Octopus and McTeague Theodore Dreiser The Financier

Progressive Writers: The Muckrakers Journalists who exposed America’s “dirty” secrets Nonfiction Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities : plight of the urban poor Ida Tarbell History of Standard Oil : shady business practices David Graham Phillips Treason of the Senate :Senate “controlled” by big business Also Lewis Hine & Jacob Riis (photographers) McClure’s & Collier’s magazine Novelists Upton Sinclair The Jungle: meatpacking industry Frank Norris The Octopus and McTeague Theodore Dreiser The Financier “The function of the novelist... is to comment upon life as he sees it.” “The People have a right to the Truth as they have a right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” The little guy will never win

Activists Jane Addams: urban poor Florence Kelly: workers’ rights Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, Alice Paul: women’s rights/suffrage Margaret Sanger: women’s rights & birth control John Dewey: education Eugene Debs: unions, etc. Politicians Robert La Follette: Wisconsin governor & senator William U’Ren: Oregon Rep. Louis Brandeis: Supreme Court (anti-Monopoly) TR: Square Deal Woodrow Wilson: New Freedom

Political Reforms Purpose: make voting more democratic

Political Reforms Purpose: make voting more democratic Three major reforms:

Political Reforms Purpose: make voting more democratic Three major reforms: Initiative: voters push for a vote on needed topic

Political Reforms Purpose: make voting more democratic Three major reforms: Initiative: voters push for a vote on needed topic Referendum: people vote directly instead of representatives

Political Reforms Purpose: make voting more democratic Three major reforms: Initiative: voters push for a vote on needed topic Referendum: people vote directly instead of representatives Recall: vote on bad politicians before term is up

Political Reforms Purpose: make voting more democratic Three major reforms: Initiative: voters push for a vote on needed topic Referendum: people vote directly instead of representatives Recall: vote on bad politicians before term is up Two amendments:

Political Reforms Purpose: make voting more democratic Three major reforms: Initiative: voters push for a vote on needed topic Referendum: people vote directly instead of representatives Recall: vote on bad politicians before term is up Two amendments: 17th Amendment: people vote directly for Senators

Political Reforms Purpose: make voting more democratic Three major reforms: Initiative: voters push for a vote on needed topic Referendum: people vote directly instead of representatives Recall: vote on bad politicians before term is up Two amendments: 17th Amendment: people vote directly for Senators 19th Amendment: women’s suffrage

Political Reforms Purpose: make voting more democratic Three major reforms: Initiative: voters push for a vote on needed topic Referendum: people vote directly instead of representatives Recall: vote on bad politicians before term is up Two amendments: 17th Amendment: people vote directly for Senators 19th Amendment: women’s suffrage Effects: Machine system erodes More people can vote

Business Reforms Trustbusting (TR & Taft) TR didn’t favor business like previous presidents Mediated UMW strike, RR strike, etc. with gains for workers Standard Oil & Northern Securities Co. broken up

Business Reforms Trustbusting (TR & Taft) TR didn’t favor business like previous presidents Mediated UMW strike, RR strike, etc. with gains for workers Standard Oil & Northern Securities Co. broken up Laws Hepburn Act (1906) Allowed ICC to set maximum RR rates, etc. Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) Closed loopholes used by big business under Sherman Act Federal Trade Commission (1914) Watch over big business

Business Reforms Trustbusting (TR & Taft) TR didn’t favor business like previous presidents Mediated UMW strike, RR strike, etc. with gains for workers Standard Oil & Northern Securities Co. broken up Laws Hepburn Act (1906) Allowed ICC to set maximum RR rates, etc. Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) Closed loopholes used by big business under Sherman Act Federal Trade Commission (1914) Watch over big business Effects: worker wages rise, unions empowered

Workers’ Rights

Workers’ Rights Keating Owen Act Bans products made w/ child labor from interstate commerce National Child labor committee as watchdog (regulates hrs, etc)

Workers’ Rights Keating Owen Act Bans products made w/ child labor from interstate commerce National Child labor committee as watchdog (regulates hrs, etc) Adamson Act 8 hr workday for RR workers

Workers’ Rights Keating Owen Act Bans products made w/ child labor from interstate commerce National Child labor committee as watchdog (regulates hrs, etc) Adamson Act 8 hr workday for RR workers Muller v. Oregon Sets maximum hrs for female laundry workers

Cities & Living Conditions Parks created in urban areas Amusement parks Urban planning Better garbage collection, street cleaning Better sewage systems Effects: disease & infant mortality decline

Moral Control Temperance Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) & Anti-Saloon League Webb-Kenyon Act (1913) Volstead Act (1919) Prohibition: 18th Amendment Anti-prostitution Mann Act (White Slave Act) (1910)

Health & Medicine Meat Inspection Act The Jungle Pure Food & Drug Act Narcotics Act Only prescribed by doctors Cocaine removed from Coca Cola, etc. Immunizations for school age kids

The Environment National Reclamation Act – funds dams & irrigation TR sets aside 200 million acres for parks, etc. Boy/Girl Scouts, Sierra Club TR’s advisors - John Muir & Gifford Pinchot Antiquities Act – protects archaeological sites

Immigration Progressive wanted to preserve “white” values Limited immigration – blamed immigrants for poor morals, urban decay Chinese Exclusion Act & literacy tests for immigrants Eugenics

Banking & Finance Politicians split over tariffs; divided Republican party

Banking & Finance Politicians split over tariffs; divided Republican party 16th Amendment: Congress allowed to impose national income tax

Banking & Finance Politicians split over tariffs; divided Republican party 16th Amendment: Congress allowed to impose national income tax Federal Reserve created (1913)

Banking & Finance Politicians split over tariffs; divided Republican party 16th Amendment: Congress allowed to impose national income tax Federal Reserve created (1913) More or less to replace Bank of the Untied States

Banking & Finance Politicians split over tariffs; divided Republican party 16th Amendment: Congress allowed to impose national income tax Federal Reserve created (1913) More or less to replace Bank of the Untied States Federal Farm Loan Act

Banking & Finance Politicians split over tariffs; divided Republican party 16th Amendment: Congress allowed to impose national income tax Federal Reserve created (1913) More or less to replace Bank of the Untied States Federal Farm Loan Act Easier for farmers to get low-interest loans

Banking & Finance Politicians split over tariffs; divided Republican party 16th Amendment: Congress allowed to impose national income tax Federal Reserve created (1913) More or less to replace Bank of the Untied States Federal Farm Loan Act Easier for farmers to get low-interest loans Addresses concerns of Federal Reserve

Failures of Progressivism Civil rights

Failures of Progressivism Civil rights Federal fed gov’t did little about racism in South and elsewhere Plessy v Ferguson (separate but equal) Allows for “Jim Crow” laws in South (legal segregation)

Failures of Progressivism Civil rights Federal fed gov’t did little about racism in South and elsewhere Plessy v Ferguson (separate but equal) Allows for “Jim Crow” laws in South (legal segregation) Lynching was up in South No law passed Ida Wells-Barnett

Failures of Progressivism Civil rights

Failures of Progressivism Civil rights Split in black social thought: WEB DuBois vs. Booker T. Washington

Failures of Progressivism Civil rights Split in black social thought: WEB DuBois vs. Booker T. Washington DuBois Immediate civil rights Liberal arts education Use courts to get rights Niagara Movement NAACP

Failures of Progressivism Civil rights Split in black social thought: WEB DuBois vs. Booker T. Washington DuBois Immediate civil rights Liberal arts education Use courts to get rights Niagara Movement NAACP Washington: Gradual civil rights Vocational education Tuskegee Institute Atlanta Compromise Doctrine

Failures of Progressivism Civil rights Split in black social thought: WEB DuBois vs. Booker T. Washington DuBois: immediate civil rights, liberal arts ed. Niagara Movement, NAACP – use courts to get rights Washington: gradual civil rights, vocational ed. Tuskegee Institute & Atlanta Compromise Doctrine End of Progressive Era – WWI

1900 Election William McKinley (Republican) William Jennings Bryant (Democrat) McKinley reelected Teddy Roosevelt named VP

Roosevelt as President Replaces McKinley after he is assassinated (Sept. 1901) Increases power of executive branch (“bully pulpit”

Roosevelt as President Replaces McKinley after he is assassinated (Sept. 1901) Increases power of executive branch (“bully pulpit” 1908 Election TR hand picks Taft as his successor, goes to Africa William Jennings Bryant (Democrat)

Roosevelt as President Replaces McKinley after he is assassinated (Sept. 1901) Increases power of executive branch (“bully pulpit” 1908 Election TR hand picks Taft as his successor, goes to Africa William Jennings Bryant (Democrat) Taft as President Legislative branch gains power under Speaker Joseph Cannon Seen as Taft undoing much TR’s work

1912 Election William Taft: Republican Teddy Roosevelt: Progressive Party (Bull Moose party) Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) Taft & TR split the vote, Wilson gets elected

Chapter 21: The Progressive Era,

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