1. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Energy Efficiency: Recent Experience in China, and Application of LEAP to Modeling Energy Efficiency Strategies Energy Research Institute (ERI) National Development & Reform Commission Dr. Kang Yanbing kangyanbing@eri.org.cn May.14, 2005 for AES 2005

2. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 About ERI The national-level researching agency in the field of energy issues in China. Researching fields  Energy efficiency (BeCON--Beijing Energy Efficiency Center)  Energy economic (strategy)  Energy environment  Renewable energy Role  Provide policy recommendations for Chinese government  Provide consultation for companies and other agencies

3. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Outline Energy issues in China Characteristics of LEAP model Applications of LEAP model in China Model scheme Scenario design consideration Main conclusion of previous researches

4. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Energy Issues in China Largest developing country: population and economy Rapid growth rate of GDP Rank the second in energy consumption Second largest emitter

5. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Energy situation in 2004 GDP ： 13651.5 Billion Yuan Yield of steel ： 273 Mt (128.5 in 2000) Yield of cement ： 970 Mt (597 in 2000) Yield of vehicle ： 5.074 Million Yield of air conditioner ： 66.4622 Million Yield of refrigerator ： 30.3338 Million Energy production ： 1846 Mtce consumption ： 1970 Mtce Coal production ： 1956 Mt consumption ： 1870 Mt Oil production ： 175 Mt consumption ： 290 Mt NG consumption ： 41.5 Billion m 3 Electricity generation ： 2187 TWh Power capacity ： 435 GW ： 144 Mt Net oil import ： 144 Mt Black-out ： 26 provinces (summer) ； 21 provinces (winter) GDP ： 13651.5 Billion Yuan Yield of steel ： 273 Mt (128.5 in 2000) Yield of cement ： 970 Mt (597 in 2000) Yield of vehicle ： 5.074 Million Yield of air conditioner ： 66.4622 Million Yield of refrigerator ： 30.3338 Million Energy production ： 1846 Mtce consumption ： 1970 Mtce Coal production ： 1956 Mt consumption ： 1870 Mt Oil production ： 175 Mt consumption ： 290 Mt NG consumption ： 41.5 Billion m 3 Electricity generation ： 2187 TWh Power capacity ： 435 GW ： 144 Mt Net oil import ： 144 Mt Black-out ： 26 provinces (summer) ； 21 provinces (winter)

6. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 China’s developing goal In 2020, building all-round well-off society  Quadruple the GDP of the year 2000 by 2020  Per-capita GDP reach 3000 US$  Urbanization rate will be increased to 57%~ 60% by 2020 Much more challenges of energy issues in the future Necessity of sustainable approaches of development Many uncertainties in future development Energy Strategy and Energy Efficiency Priority

7. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Characteristics of LEAP Model Energy system analysis model:  LEAP, MARKERL, AIM… Why select LEAP?  Future uncertainties in China  Predict and scenario analysis  Policy select analysis  Easy operation  Intuitionistic and friendly interface  Endless sector & technology division  …

8. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Application of LEAP Model Scenario analysis on China’s long-term sustainable energy development and carbon emission. A project sponsored by Energy Foundation and Shell Foundation Analysis on China’s energy consumption to fulfill the long-term goal of Chinese government. A project cooperating with Energy Foundation and National State Department development center Study on sustainable development energy strategy. Chinese government project

9. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Application of LEAP Model Study on the influence of the policy and technical improvement of building energy efficiency on China’s future energy demand. NDRC fundamental project Study on the influence of lifestyle change on China’s future energy demand. NDRC key project Study on China’s CHP developing plan. Chinese government project Study on building energy efficiency incentive policies in China. Sponsored by Energy Foundation ……

10. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Achievements of LEAP Model Provide support for “China’s Energy Developing Strategy” Provide support for “China’s Medium and Long Term Energy Developing Plan” Provide support for “China’s Medium and Long Term Energy Conservation Plan” Provide support for “China’s Medium and Long Term CHP Developing Plan” NDRC 2 nd -class Awards Promote domestic and international cooperation on China’s energy issue

11. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Achievements of LEAP Model Improvement of LEAP  Always improvements of the LEAP Model Has obtained related support to improve the current LEAP  Period Base year: 1998, 2000, 2004 End year: 2020, 2030, 2050, 2100  Make each sector, technology more reasonable and useful for different purpose

12. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Model Scheme Major module End-useTransformation Final energyPrimary energy

13. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Model Scheme Division of End-use Sectors Industry Sub-sectorProductTFC Industry Transport Building Agric. Constr. Industry Petro& Chem. Chemical Bldg. material Iron&Steel Papermaking Nonferrous Other Glass Pottery Cement Brick&tile Lime Mining Other

14. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Model Scheme Division of End-use Sectors Vertical Kiln Rotary kiln Kiln with precalcinator Kiln with waste heat boiler Wet kiln Kiln with pre-heater Long dry kiln Semi-dry kiln Coal Heat Gas Oil Power IndustrySub-sectorProductProcessTFC

15. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Building Energy Efficiency Fig.2 Influencing factors on building energy consumption

16. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Building Energy Efficiency 寒冷 Cold Sever e Cold 夏热冬冷 Hot Summer Cold Winter Temperate 温和 夏热冬暖 Hot Summer Warm Winter 严寒 Severe Cold 严寒 Severe Cold 寒冷 Cold

17. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Building Energy Efficiency Fig. 3 Schemetic chart of building energy consuming facilities

18. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Building Energy Efficiency

19. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Model Scheme Sketch of LEAP model

20. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Methodology Scenario design Based on bottom-up, combined with up-down Full scale sector division nationwide

21. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Scenario Design consideration Macro parameters  GDP, population, urbanization rate Activity level  Yield of industrial products: steel&iron, cement, car, building……  Product for using-stage: car, building area, household appliances…… Technical analysis (Energy technology)  Fuel mix  Energy efficiency Energy & environmental policy, technical improvements Development of domestic & international market Energy & environmental policy, technical improvements Development of domestic & international market

22. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Main conclusion of previous researches China’s future energy demand is huge  In 2020, TPE: 3000~3200 Mtce (3600 Mtce)  Coal: 2500~3000 Mt  Oil: 65%~70% import  NG: 40% import  Power capacity: 900~1000 GW  Hydro: 80GW(2002) 250 GW (2020)  Nuclear:40GW(2000) 400 GW (2020)  GHG:  In 2020, 1500 Mt-C, about twice of that in 2000 Energy mix optimization, Coal-based 3 sectors Energy mix optimization, Coal-based 3 sectors

23. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Main conclusion of previous researches Reasonable energy policy may cut down future energy demand effectively  May cut down over 1000 Mtce (It is possible to quadrupling GDP with double energy consumption in 2020, but lots of energy polices should be implemented well)  Energy policy Energy fuel optimization Larger industry scale Technical improvements New type industrialization road (Industrial structure adjustment) Energy efficiency standards Energy efficiency labeling Energy efficiency mechanism based on market Renewable energy Energy price Environmental policy ……

24. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Sensitive analysis Influence of metering heating mechanism

25. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Sensitive analysis Influence of air conditioning energy efficiency technologies In 2020 Cut down 90 GW power capacity 5 Tree-gorge hydro power station 10% of nationwide power capacity In 2020 Cut down 90 GW power capacity 5 Tree-gorge hydro power station 10% of nationwide power capacity

26. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Sensitive analysis Influence of fuel economic standard for cars Without standard With standard

27. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Sensitive analysis Influence of consuming pattern and lifestyle  In 2020, per-capita living area: 40 m 2 (S1), 30 m 2 (S_ba)

28. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Conclusion In order to fulfill the developing goal of Chinese government, huge energy consumption will be needed to support the development of social and economic.  Only if the per-capita energy consumption of China reach the current Japan level, about half of the current total energy consumption in the world will be used in China.  Energy security  Related environment impact. Regional environment Global Climate Change (GHG)  China’s energy issue is not only the challenge for China, but also for the world

29. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 Conclusion Chinese Government must select a sustainable developing pathway (with the assistance from the world) Energy system analysis and energy policy analysis based on LEAP may make more contribution to help Chinese government solve the energy challenges.

30. Energy Research Institute of NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 谢谢 ! Thank You!