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Chapter 11 Fossil Fuels
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Energy Sources and Consumption Energy sources used to be local Now they are worldwide Developing vs. developed nations 20% of world’s population use 60% of the world’s energy sources
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Energy Consumption in the US
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US Energy Policy Objectives: 1: Increase Energy Efficiency & Conservation 2: Secure Future Fossil Fuel Energy Supplies 3: Develop Alternative Energy Sources 4: Meet the First Three Objectives Without Further Damage to the Environment
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Fossil Fuels Combustible deposits in the Earth’s crust Composed of the remains of prehistoric organisms Examples: coal, oil (petroleum), and natural gas Non-renewable resource!
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How Are Fossil Fuels Formed Coal Heat, pressure and time turned the plant material into carbon-rich rock (coal) Oil Sediment deposited over microscopic aquatic organisms Heat pressure and time turned them into hydrocarbons (oil) Natural Gas Formed the same way as oil, but at temperatures higher than 100 °C
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Coal Most, if not all, coal deposits have been identified
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Coal US has 25% of world’s coal supplies Known coal deposits could last 200 years At present rate of consumption
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2 Types of Coal Mining Surface mining (right) Subsurface mining
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Mountain Top Removal
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Case-In-Point Copper Basin, TN
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Acid Mine Drainage Pollution caused when sulfuric acid and dissolved lead, arsenic or cadmium wash out of mines into nearby waterways
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Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (1977) Requires filling (reclaiming) of surface mines after mining Reduces Acid Mine Drainage Requires permits and inspections of active coal mining sights Prohibits coal mining in sensitive areas
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Environmental Impacts of Burning Coal (besides mining) Releases more CO 2 per heat energy produced Releases other pollutants Mercury Sulfur oxides Nitrogen oxides
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Oil and Natural Gas Oil and gas provide 60% of world’s energy They provide 62% of US’s energy
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Petroleum Refining Numerous hydrocarbons present in crude oil (petroleum) are separated Natural gas contains far fewer hydrocarbons than crude oil Methane, ethane, propane and butane
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Oil and Natural Gas Exploration Oil and natural gas migrate upwards until they hit impermeable rock
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Oil Reserves Uneven distribution globally More than half is located in the Middle East
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Natural Gas Reserves Uneven distribution globally More than half is located in Russia and Iran
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Locating more deposits Future extraction technologies Changes in global consumption rates Experts indicate there may be shortages in 21 st century How long will Supplies Last? Depends on:
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1989 Alaskan Oil Spill Exxon Valdez hit a reef and spilled 260,000 barrels of crude oil into sound Largest oil spill in US history Led to Oil Pollution Act of 1990 Not any more!
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Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
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Environmental Impacts of Oil and Natural Gas Combustion Increase carbon dioxide and pollutant emissions Natural gas is far cleaner burning than oil Production Disturbance to land and habitat Roads Temporary jobs- leads to logging and cattle ranching Transport Spills - especially in aquatic systems Ex: Alaskan Oil Spill (1989)
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Case in Point - Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)
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Synfuel and Other Fossil Fuel Resources Synfuel Synthesized fuel from coal and other naturally occurring sources Used in place of oil or natural gas Include: Tar sands Oil shales Gas hydrates Liquefied coal Coal gas (right)
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