1. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Part 1

2. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott How much H 2 O, in liters, in oceans?

3. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Enrico Fermi, Physicist One of the most notable physicists of the 20 th century. Leading contributions in the Manhattan Project. Ingenious ways of approximating and avoiding long tedious calculations Back-of-envelope problems

4. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Fermi Problems Open ended problem solving. Thought process is more important than calculating exact answer. Steps in solving Fermi problems – Determine what factors are important in solving problem – Estimate these factors – Use dimensional reasoning to calculate a solution

5. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Fermi Problems What do Fermi Problems have to do with engineering – Engineers have to solve open ended problems that might not have a single right solution – Engineers have to estimate a solution to a complicated problem – Engineers have to think creatively

6. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott How much H 2 O, in liters, in oceans? In groups of 3…

7. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Parameters Width of United States: 3,000 miles = 4,800 km Diameter of Earth: 8,000 miles = 12,800 km Earth Surface Coverage: 71% Average Depth of Ocean: 12,500 feet = 2.4 mls = 3.84 km 1 ft 3 = 7.5 gallons 1 gal = 3.8 liters Answer: 1.35 x 10 21 Liters

8. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Ice breaker Knowledge about each other Getting comfortable

9. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Design Challenge Objective: – Move a water bottle from one point to another 12” away Other criteria: – Arm must extend at least 18” to bottle without support – Only given supplies/tools may be used 18”

10. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott

11. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott

12. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott 3

13. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott

14. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Part 2

15. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott What is STEM? Scientists investigate the natural world Engineers create the designed world using scientific knowledge Technologies are the products and processes created by engineers Society is impacted in various ways

16. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott What is Mathematics? STEM

17. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott What is Technology? STEM

18. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott What is Science? STEM

19. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott What is Engineering? STEM

20. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Science vs. Engineering Science: 1.Systematically obtaining knowledge by observation and experience 2.Use the Scientific Method 3.Empirical / Objective Engineering: 1.Application of math and science by which matter and energy are made useful to people 2.Use the Engineering Design Process (Designing and implementing solutions that fulfill an objective, need, or desire) 3.Subjective solutions based on objective knowledge

21. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Dr. Oct – scientist or engineer? NASA – scientists or engineers? STEM: Science, Technology, Engineering, Math What is Engineering?

22. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Fields of Science Natural Science: 1.When we refer to “science,” we mean “natural science” 2.Science = Natural science, social science, formal science, applied science. Physical Science: Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_of_science

23. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Designing a Car – which field of engineering comes to mind? What’s actually involved: –chemistry –thermodynamics –heat transfer –fluid dynamics –electronic controls –dynamics & vibrations –materials science –mechanical design –Etc. Fields of Engineering

24. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Fields of Engineering Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_of_engineering Major Fields: 1.Aerospace 2.Bioengineering 3.Chemical 4.Civil 5.Computer Engineering 6.Computer Science 7.Electrical 8.Electronic 9.Material 10.Mechanical 11.Nuclear 12.Process

25. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott engineering is.……ethics, safety & public service

26. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott engineering is.……ethics, safety & public service

27. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott engineering is.……sustainability

28. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott How does engineering affect your life? What engineered products do you use daily?

29. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott The Pendulum Example Let’s “prove” whether the equation is accurate. What would affect period T? The equation: How shall we experiment?

30. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Lab Reports Objective: Understand and be able to meet lab report requirements and expectations

31. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Data Collection Write all original data on data sheets Do not color over or erase info on data sheets – put a line through it Copying data from lab partner is fine, but analyses should be your own

32. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Lab Reports – Formatting PRINT IT AND CLIP/STAPLE IT 1.5 spacing Times New Roman (12 pt) Make it all look good – easier to read, understand, trust Tables, graphs, diagrams, etc. – Captions – Center on page – Refer to them in text, otherwise why have them? – Self-explanatory; reader should understand them without explanation – Every table column and graph axis should be labeled with Quantity, Symbol, and Units. Exception: titles of graphs Make no judgments regarding the data until the Discussion section

33. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Appendices ABSTRACT What you Did What you’re looking for Lab Report – Overview What’s the Significance What you Observed IntroductionProcedureResultsDiscussion

34. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Lab Report – Overview What is in your lab report (abstract) What you were looking to find out (introduction) What you did (procedure) What you observed (results) What your results mean (conclusion) Giving credit where it’s due (acknowledgements and references) Additional information for reference (appendices)

35. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Lab Report – Contents Title 1.Abstract (Hickam) …………………….............1 2.Introduction (Kilby) ……………………..........1 3.Procedure (Hickam) …………………............2 4.Results (Kilby) ……………………………………..4 5.Discussion/Conclusion (Hickam) ………….5 6.Acknowledgments ………………………………6 7.References ……………………………….............6 8.Appendices (Kilby) ………………………………7

36. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Lab Report – Introduction 1.Purpose – What’s your hypothesis? – What are you intending to find out? – What questions will be answered? 2.Background/Theory – Why will your experiment answer your questions? – How will the data you collect, analyze, and interpret tell you something substantive? IntroductionProcedureResultsDiscussion

37. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Good Example – Introduction “A pendulum is slowed on its upswing and accelerated on its downswing by gravity. In an ideal, frictionless [vacuum] environment, a pendulum would never cease to swing.” Good Example – Introduction

38. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Good Example – Introduction “A pendulum is slowed on its upswing and accelerated on its downswing by gravity. In an ideal, frictionless [vacuum] environment, a pendulum would never cease to swing.”

39. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Lab Report – Procedure 1.Equipment and Materials – List all equipment and materials used in lab, including instrument #’s, model and serial numbers (if known) – Diagram of experimental setup (label variables if possible) – Notes on setting up the equipment 2.Experimental Procedure – Paragraph summary of procedure taken – Include info relevant to your lab (e.g. if you used 0.811 m instead of 0.80 m, say 0.811 m) – Any additional procedure required to answer lab questions IntroductionProcedureResultsDiscussion

40. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Good Example – Procedure

41. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Lab Report – Results The results section should summarize the data from the experiments without discussing their implications. Do not duplicate data provided in one format (e.g. table) by including in another format (e.g. graph) 1.Data – Original (raw) data only is displayed in this section – Introduce all tables/graphs prior to displaying them (this does not mean you need to analyze them prior to displaying them) – If tables are large, provide only a sample in report and refer to full table in appendix – Graphs are a much better communication than tables 2.Data Analysis 3.Uncertainty and Error IntroductionProcedureResultsDiscussion

42. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Lab Report – Results 2.Data Analysis – Sample of each calculation performed on data – Graphs of calculations (e.g. log-log plots) 3.Uncertainty and Error – No conclusions can be drawn without uncertainty/error – Informs you of data trustworthiness, repeatability, bias, external effects – Give calculations and estimation reasons for uncertainty for all measurements – Error (% error is best) should be calculated when true/accepted value is known – Must show error from measurements propagated through calculations and graphs IntroductionProcedureResultsDiscussion

43. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Key: Passive vs. Active – Be Consistent 1 Sig Fig for Uncertainty Period uncertainty should be the same Explain how you got uncert. Quantify!

44. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Lab Report – Discussion/Conclusion The meat of the lab report: 1.Give a brief recap of your question and hypothesis. 2.Was your hypothesis correct? 3.What happened and why? 4.Were there any difficulties with the experiment? Is there any reason to disbelieve your results? 5.How could you improve the experiment? 6.Do these results suggest any follow-up experiments? 7.Answer all lab questions. Be Specific and Quantitative – back it up with numbers, or else you probably shouldn’t say it IntroductionProcedureResultsDiscussion

45. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Good Example – Disc./Concl. See example 2: http://homepage.smc.edu/gallogly_ethan/sample_la b_reports.htm http://homepage.smc.edu/gallogly_ethan/sample_la b_reports.htm

46. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Abstract Lab Report – Abstract Completed after the four main sections One-paragraph (100-200 words) Summarizes: – Purpose – Procedure – Significant results IntroductionProcedureResultsDiscussion

47. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Good Example – Abstract 65 words, and it just about says it all Missing specific relationship between period and length, mass, and amplitude

48. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Lab Report – Other Stuff Acknowledgments – Only required when using someone else’s data – Acknowledged in body of report and here as well References – Cite using Council of Science Editors (CSE) – http://www.sourceaid.com/ http://www.sourceaid.com/ Appendices – Table of Contents – Includes relevant data not pertinent to comprehension of lab report; reader should not be referred to appendix in order to understand the conclusions you draw or the graphs you make – Each appendix begins with a description of its contents

49. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Indent these notes Good Example – Appendix

50. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Good Lab Report Examples 1.2 nd Example on page: http://homepage.smc.edu/gallogly_ethan/sample_lab _reports.htm http://homepage.smc.edu/gallogly_ethan/sample_lab _reports.htm 2.Great example, including error/uncertainty under analysis section http://www.physics.unc.edu/labs/sample_report.php

51. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Sample Grading Scale

52. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Group Work What are some effective group strategies? Be responsible for all of it Planning is important! Be clear up front about who’s doing what Get work done on time Schedule proofreading time Be honest with each other and your instructor Get work in on time

53. Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott Success in EI What do you think? Have fun, and be serious Be confident – This is nerd boot camp, and you wouldn’t be here if you couldn’t handle it Ask lots of questions of instructors, each other, the internet, etc. – You are not alone in your difficulties Be a good group member Stay focused – work when it’s time to work, play when it’s time to play Plan plan plan plan, then work your plan