1. Living Environment Part D (Required Labs) Review

2. Beaks of Finches  14 Species of Darwin’s finches –Beaks vary in size and shape –Bodies vary in size and shape

3. Beaks of Finches  Different beak sizes and shapes differ in their efficiency at performing particular tasks.

4. Beaks of Finches  Why do offspring of better-adapted individuals inherit many of their parents’ favorable variations?

5. Beaks of Finches  Why do offspring of better-adapted individuals inherit many of their parents’ favorable variations? –Favorable variations allow parents to survive and then reproduce more. Their offspring then may possess those variations.

6. Beaks of Finches  What are the parts of Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection?

7. Beaks of Finches  What are the parts of Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection? –OVCSR  Only (Overproduction)  Vince (Variation)  Can (Competition)  Suck (Survival of the Fittest)  Rutabegas (Reproduction)

8. Beaks of Finches  Variation means ______________.  Why do the finches of the Galapagos Islands show so much variation?

9. Beaks of Finches  Variation means _differences___.  Why do the finches of the Galapagos Islands show so much variation? –Each finch species adapted to their different environments.

10. Beaks of Finches  What did the tools represent?

11. Beaks of Finches  What did the tools represent? –The different beak shapes.

12. Beaks of Finches  What did the different seeds represent?

13. Beaks of Finches  What did the different seeds represent?  The different types of food available on the island.

14. Beaks of Finches  Why are the 4 trials completed and then averaged for each of the “feedings”?

15. Beaks of Finches  Why are the 4 trials completed and then averaged for each of the “feedings”?  The data is more accurate when the trials are averaged.

16. Beaks of Finches  All of the finches have similarities. Why is this the case?

17. Beaks of Finches  All of the finches have similarities. Why is this the case? –All of the finches share a common ancestor.

18. Relationships and Biodiversity  Botana curus (fictional plant for lab purposes) produces Curol. –This was supposedly used to ________________.

19. Relationships and Biodiversity  Botana curus (fictional plant for lab purposes) produces Curol. –This was supposedly used to cure cancer.

20. Relationships and Biodiversity The plants used in the lab, and what they were modeled after… maybe? This is the Pacific Yew. It contains “Taxol” – used to treat cancer. This is what was used in the lab, though.

21. Relationships and Biodiversity  Why was it necessary to find an alternative to Botana Curus?  Story of Taxol Story of Taxol Story of Taxol

22. Relationships and Biodiversity  Why was it necessary to find an alternative to Botana Curus?  In the lab, the plant was endangered and was in short supply.  (In reality, the Pacific Yew only produces one dose of drug per tree! Scientists wanted to find an alternative!) http://www.phcog.org/Taxus/Taxus_Web.html

23. Relationships and Biodiversity  Chromatography: Sorts molecules based on ____

24. Relationships and Biodiversity  Chromatography: Sorts molecules based on SIZE. The smaller molecules move faster up the paper. Larger ones move slower and stay toward the bottom of the paper.

25. Relationships and Biodiversity  What is an indicator?

26. Relationships and Biodiversity  What is an indicator? They are used to detect certain substances. In the lab, we used a white powder to test for “Enzyme M”.

27. Relationships and Biodiversity  Gel Electrophoresis:  Used for: ___________________ This side indicates how many base pairs are in the DNA fragments. The top indicates the DNA sources.

28. Relationships and Biodiversity  Gel Electrophoresis:  Used for: Comparing DNA samples This side indicates how many base pairs are in the DNA fragments. The top indicates the DNA sources.

29. Relationships and Biodiversity  Gel Electrophoresis: The DNA fragments are sorted based on __________

30. Relationships and Biodiversity  Gel Electrophoresis: The DNA fragments are sorted based on SIZE. An electrical current pulls the smaller fragments through the “gel” faster than the larger fragments.

31. Relationships and Biodiversity  Gel Electrophoresis: The original samples of DNA are “cut” using RESTRICTION ENZYMES. In the lab, you simulated this by using scissors to cut paper DNA.

32. Relationships and Biodiversity  mRNA codons code for amino acids  Example: –DNA code: CGA AAA GTC –mRNA code: GCU UUU CAG –Amino acid chain: (on next page)  Alanine, Phenylalanine, Glutamine

34. Relationships and Biodiversity  What causes extinction and loss of biodiversity?

35. Relationships and Biodiversity  What causes extinction and loss of biodiversity?  Change in environment  Disease  Human activities (pollution, deforestation)  Overuse of resources (competion)

36. Relationships and Biodiversity  Loss of biodiversity may be a warning of what?

37. Relationships and Biodiversity  Loss of biodiversity may be a warning of what?  Extinction  Unstable environment

38. Relationships and Biodiversity  Benefits of biodiversity:

39. Relationships and Biodiversity  Benefits of biodiversity:  More food sources for consumers  Less chance of extinction  Medicinal resources  More stable ecosystem

40. Diffusion Through a Membrane  What causes the process of diffusion?

41. Diffusion Through a Membrane  What causes the process of diffusion? The particles (molecules) move down a concentration gradient from high concentration to low concentration. This happens because as molecules bump into each other, they are forced to spread out to where there aren’t as many molecules to bump into.

42. Diffusion Through a Membrane  If certain molecules encounter membranes with pores, what can happen?

43. Diffusion Through a Membrane  If certain molecules encounter membranes with pores, what can happen? If the molecules (particles) are small enough, they will pass through the pores in the membrane. If they are too big, they cannot pass through the pore. This is called SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY. Cell membranes are selectively permeable.

44. Diffusion Through a Membrane  What was different between your model and a real cell?

45. Diffusion Through a Membrane  What was different between your model and a real cell? Not living No organelles No proteins Cannot do active transport (only passive = diffusion) Living Has organelles Has proteins Does both active and passive transport BOTH: Have a selectively permeable membrane Can do passive transport

46. Diffusion Through a Membrane  What indicators were used in the lab?

47. Diffusion Through a Membrane  What indicators were used in the lab? IODINE was used to test for the presence of STARCH. Color changes from amber to blue/black. BENEDICT’S SOLUTION (blue) tests for GLUCOSE. After heating, it turns orange if glucose is present.

48. Diffusion Through a Membrane  We used test tubes with just water and Benedict’s and another with just water and iodine. Why?

49. Diffusion Through a Membrane  We used test tubes with just water and Benedict’s and another with just water and iodine. Why? These two test tubes served as negative controls. This showed us what a negative test would look like.

50. Diffusion Through a Membrane  We also used test tubes with iodine and starch, and another with Bendict’s and glucose. Why?

51. Diffusion Through a Membrane  We also used test tubes with iodine and starch, and another with Bendict’s and glucose. Why? These two test tubes served as positive controls. They showed us what a positive test for starch and glucose looked like.

52. Diffusion Through a Membrane  What will happen in this experiment?

53. Diffusion Through a Membrane  What will happen in this experiment, and why? The iodine is small enough to fit through the membrane. It diffuses into the “cell” and turns the starch inside a blue/black color. The starch is too large to diffuse through the selectively permeable membrane, so it cannot diffuse out into the surrounding solution.

54. Diffusion Through a Membrane  Glucose is in the cell below. What will happen, and how do you know?

55. Diffusion Through a Membrane  Glucose is in the cell below. What will happen, and how do you know? When we test the outside solution for glucose using Benedict’s (after heating it), the solution turns orange. This indicates that the glucose diffused out of the cell into the surrounding solution. The glucose was small enough to fit through the selectively permeable membrane.

56. Diffusion Through a Membrane  Osmosis Osmosis  Explain the process that is occurring in the diagram in the link.

57. Diffusion Through a Membrane  Osmosis Osmosis  Explain the process that is occurring in the diagram in the link. –The water molecules move from an area of high concentration of water (lower solute) to an area of lower concentration of water (higher solute).

58. Diffusion Through a Membrane  Which way will diffusion (osmosis) occur? (Percents indicate concentration of water.) 97% 99%

59. Diffusion Through a Membrane  Which way will diffusion (osmosis) occur? (Percents indicate concentration of water.) 97% 99%

60. Diffusion Through a Membrane  Which way will diffusion of water (osmosis) occur? (Percents indicate concentration of solute.) 3% 1%

61. Diffusion Through a Membrane  Which way will diffusion of water (osmosis) occur? (Percents indicate concentration of solute.) 3% 1%

62. Diffusion Through a Membrane  What is happening here?

63. Diffusion Through a Membrane  What is happening here? When salt water is placed on cells, the water diffuses out of the cells’ cytoplasm into the salt solution. (Water moves from a higher concentration – inside the cell – to a lower concentration – outside the cell.) If fresh water is placed on the cells again, the water will flow back into the cells (high to low concentration).

64. Diffusion Through a Membrane  Why didn’t the cell walls shrink with the cytoplasm?

65. Diffusion Through a Membrane  Why didn’t the cell walls shrink with the cytoplasm? –Cell walls are rigid – they provide support for plant cells.

66. Diffusion Through a Membrane  Does this organism live in fresh water or salt water? Explain how you can tell.

67. Diffusion Through a Membrane  Does this organism live in fresh water or salt water? Explain how you can tell. Fresh water: The organism contains a contractile vacuole. Contractile vacuoles serve to pump out excess water from the interior of the cell. If the organism needs to pump out water, it must have a lower concentration of water on its inside than outside (water keeps diffusing into it). This means that the water outside has fewer solutes. The water must be fresh.

68. Making Connections  What are the two purposes of this lab?  Making connections between data and conclusions  Designing a controlled experiment

69. Making Connections  Why is it more accurate to take two or three pulse readings and average them?

70. Making Connections  Why is it more accurate to take two or three pulse readings and average them?  Cancel out errors  The data may vary – this makes it more reliable

71. Making Connections  Why were the class results averaged and used?

72. Making Connections  Why were the class results averaged and used?  More trials means more accurate data  More subjects means more accurate data, too.

73. Making Connections  What is muscle fatigue?

74. Making Connections  What is muscle fatigue? The “tiring” of the muscles through overexertion.

75. Making Connections  What waste products cause muscle fatigue?

76. Making Connections  What waste products cause muscle fatigue? O2 + glucose ATP CO2 + H2O Capillary Mitochondria

77. Making Connections  What waste products cause muscle fatigue? CO2, Lactic Acid O2 + glucose ATP CO2 + H2O Capillary Mitochondria Or, Lactic acid

78. Making Connections  Why does muscle fatigue happen?

79. Making Connections  Why does muscle fatigue happen?  The more the muscle is used, the more waste products are produced. If the blood isn’t circulating fast enough to carry away the wastes, they build up. As a result, the heart pumps faster and breathing increases to circulate the wastes out to the lungs faster. (This also brings O2 and glucose to the cells faster to be used for making ATP.)