1. Levels of Organization

2. Division of Labor & The First Level
Within multi-cellular organisms there is division of labor. Division of labor means that the work (labor) of keeping the organism alive is divided (division) among the different parts of the body. Each part has a job to do and as each part does its special job, it works in harmony with all the other parts.
The arrangement of specialized parts within a living thing is sometimes referred to as levels of organization. Cells of course, are the first level of organization.

3. Cells: LOTS of Different Kinds. Here are two examples
Cells: LOTS of Different Kinds! Here are two examples. Can you guess what kind?
Nerve Cells
Skin Cells

4. Second Level: Tissues
In any multi-cellular organism, cells rarely work alone. Cells that are similar in structure and function are usually joined together to form tissues. Tissues are the second level of organization.
There are four basic/major types of tissues in the human body: Muscle tissue, nerve tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue.

5. Let’s Look Again…
Here are the cells we saw before, but if you look closely, you can see that they all look similar. Nerve cells working together make nerve tissue, and skin cells make up a special type of epithelial tissue.

6. Taken One At A Time….
Nerve tissue carries messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body. The brain, spinal cord, and nerves are made up of nerve tissue.
Connective tissue connects and supports parts of the body. Blood, fat, ligaments, cartilage, bones, and tendons are all connective tissues.
Muscle tissue can contract, or shorten. Because of this, muscle tissue makes parts of your body move.
Epithelial tissue covers and lines the surfaces of your body and organs, inside and out. They primarily serve as protective barriers. Skin is one example.

7. Level Three: Organs When a bunch of different types of tissues work together, they form an organ. There are many organs in the body.
GET IT????

9. Level Four: Organ Systems
Each organ in your body is part of an organ system, a group of organs that work together to perform a major function.
For example, your heart is part of your circulatory system, which carries oxygen and other materials throughout your body. Besides the heart, blood vessels are organs that work in your circulatory system.

10. The excretory system removes wastes.
The nervous system detects and interprets information from the environment outside the body and from within the body; controls most body functions.
The immune system fights disease.
The excretory system removes wastes.
The endocrine system controls many body processes by means of chemicals, like hormones.

11. The muscular system enables the body to move; moves food through the digestive system, and keeps the heart beating.
The skeletal system supports and protects the body, and works with the muscular system to allow movement; makes and stores blood cells and stores some other materials.

12. The digestive system takes food into the body, breaks the food down into smaller particles, and absorbs the digested materials.
The respiratory system takes oxygen into the body and eliminates carbon dioxide.
The reproductive system produces sex cells that can unite with other sex cells to create offspring; controls male and female characteristics.

13. Let’s Review…. 1st Level: Cells working together form
2nd Level: Tissues, which can form
3rd Level: Organs, which work together to form
4th Level: Organ Systems, which work together to form
5th Level: Organisms!

14. Cell Structures, Functions and Transport

15. Discovery of Cells
It wasn’t until the 1600s that scientists were able to use microscopes to observe living things.

16. Cells
In 1665, Robert Hooke observed cork cells under the microscope. He called them cells.
This is a drawing he made of the cork cells.

17. More Cork Cells
Here is what cork cells look like in a modern microscope with special lighting.

18. diameter of DNA double helix
tallest trees
adult human
chicken egg
frog embryo
most eukaryotic cells
mitochondrion
Figure: 04-01
Title:
Relative sizes.
Caption:
Dimensions commonly encountered in biology range from about 100 meters (the height of the tallest redwoods) through a few micrometers (the diameter of most cells) to a few nanometers (the diameter of many large molecules).
most bacteria
virus
proteins
diameter of DNA
double helix
atoms

19. Cell Theory The Cell Theory States
It wasn’t long before scientists realized that all living things were made up of cells. This discovery brought about the formulation of the cell theory.
The Cell Theory States
All living things are made of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
New cells are produced from existing cells.

20. Types of Cells Cells are classified as prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
Prokaryotic cells have genetic material that is not inside a nucleus (no nucleus).
Eukaryotic cells have genetic materials in a nucleus. (“true” nucleus)

21. Prokaryotes The prokaryotes are bacteria.
They have cell walls, a plasma membrane, and a single chromosome in the nucleoid or nuclear region.
Some may have flagella for movement.

22. Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes are more complex organisms and have many specialized organelles.
Eukaryotes include organisms from Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

23. Animal Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Cytoplasm Nucleolus
Section 7-2
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Go to Section:

24. Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function
Nucleus
Nickname: “The Control Center”
Function: holds the DNA
Parts:
Nucleolus: dark spot in the middle of the nucleus that helps make ribosomes

25. The Nucleus
Nucleus- The nucleus is the control center of the cell. It is the largest organelle in the cell and it contains the DNA of the cell. The DNA of all cells is made up of chromosomes.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) contains all the information for cells to live, perform their functions and reproduce. 
Inside the nucleus is another organelle called the nucleolus. The nucleolus is responsible for making ribosomes.
The circles on the surface of the nucleus are the nuclear pores. These are where ribosomes, and other materials move in and out of the cell.

26. Animal Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Cytoplasm Nucleolus
Section 7-2
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Go to Section:

27. Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function
Ribosomes
Function: makes proteins
Found in all cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic

28. Ribosomes Ribosomes are protein assembly organelles.
The ribosome connects the amino acids.
Ribosomes can be “free” in the cytoplasm or on the endoplasmic reticulum.
Ribosome can be found in both the Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

29. Animal Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Cytoplasm Nucleolus
Section 7-2
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Go to Section:

30. Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Nickname: “Roads”
Function: The internal delivery system of the cell

31. Endoplasmic Reticulum
2 Types:
Rough ER:
Rough appearance because it has ribosomes
Function: helps make proteins, that’s why it has ribosomes
Smooth ER:
NO ribosomes
Function: makes fats or lipids

32. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
ER is a series of folded
membranes within a cell
smooth ER is site of most
membrane synthesis
rough ER looks spotted
due to ribosomes bound
on the surface
rough ER is location of
membrane, secreted or
otherwise targeted
protein synthesis
eukaryotes only

33. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
ER is continuous with the
nuclear membrane
amount of ER varies by
cellular function
liver cells have lots of ER-
used to detoxify (clean) chemicals
cells optimized for protein
secretion have lots of rough ER

34. Animal Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Cytoplasm Ribosomes
Section 7-2
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Complex
Go to Section:

35. Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function
Golgi Complex
Nickname: The shippers
Function: packages, modifies, and transports materials to different location inside/outside of the cell
Appearance: stack of pancakes

36. Golgi complex- It is organelle in the cell that is responsible for sorting and correctly shipping the proteins produced in the ER. 
Just like our postal packages which should have a correct shipping address, the proteins produced in the ER, should be correctly sent to their respective address. 
In the cell, shipping and sorting done by the Golgi complex. It is a very important step in protein synthesis.
If the Golgi complex makes a mistake in shipping the proteins to the right address, certain functions in the cell may stop. 
                                                                                            

37. Animal Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Cytoplasm Nucleolus
Section 7-2
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Bodies
Go to Section:

38. Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function
Lysosomes: circular, but bigger than ribosomes)
Nickname: “Clean-up Crews”
Function: to break down food into particles the rest of the cell can use and to destroy old cells

39. Lysosome Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal
Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes

40. Animal Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Cytoplasm Nucleolus
Section 7-2
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Mitochondria
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Bodies

41. Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function
Mitochondria
Nickname: “The Powerhouse”
Function: Energy formation
Breaks down food to make ATP
ATP: is the major fuel for all cell activities that require energy

42. Mitochondria
Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates
Controls level of water and other materials in cell
Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

43. Mitochondria
Mitochondria are membrane-enclosed organelles distributed through the cytosol of most eukaryotic cells. Their main function is the conversion of the potential energy of food molecules into ATP
Every type of cell has a different amount of mitochondria.. There are more mitochondria in cells that have to perform lots of work, for example- your leg muscle cells, heart muscle cells etc. Other cells need less energy to do their work and have less mitochondria.

45. Animal Cell Cytoplasm Nucleolus Ribosomes Nucleus Cell Membrane
Mitochondria
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Bodies

46. Now let’s talk about structures only found in PLANT Cells!!

47. Plant Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Vacuole Cell Membrane
Section 7-2
Vacuole
Cell Membrane
Go to Section:

48. Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function
Vacuoles
Function: stores water
This is what makes lettuce crisp
When there is no water, the plant wilts

49. Vacuoles Vacuoles are storage organelles.
They store water, salts, proteins, etc.
Plants have a large Central Vacuole that helps plants support leaves and stems.

50. Plant Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Vacuole Chloroplasts
Section 7-2
Vacuole
Chloroplasts
Cell Membrane
Go to Section:

51. Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function
Chloroplasts
Function: traps energy from the sun to produce food for the plant cell
Green in color because of chlorophyll, which is a green pigment

52. Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are organelles that capture sunlight energy and convert it into chemical energy in a process known as photosynthesis.

53. Plant Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Vacuole Chloroplasts
Section 7-2
Vacuole
Chloroplasts
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Go to Section:

54. Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function
Cell Wall
Function: provides support and protection to the cell membrane
Found outside the cell membrane in plant cells

55. Plant Cell Cytoplasm Vacuole Smooth ER Ribosomes Chloroplasts
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Nucleolus
Golgi Bodies
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Rough ER

56. Plant & Animal Cells Similarities
Both constructed from eukaryotic cells
Both contain similar organelles
Both surrounded by cell membrane

57. Plant & Animal Cells Differences Animals have Plants have
Cell wall – provides strength & rigidity
Have chloroplasts, photosynthetic
Animals have
Other organelle not found in plants (lysosomes formed from Golgi)
Centrioles, important in cell division

60. Comparing Plant and Animal Cells