1. 1 Greece & Iran 1000 – 30 B.C.E.

2. 2 Ancient Iran 1000 – 500 B.C.E. Land of the Aryans Land of the Aryans Little water – keeps population down Little water – keeps population down Exports Exports Wood – primary Wood – primary Metal and crafted goods Metal and crafted goods

3. 3 Rise of Persian Empire Medes pushed out Assyrians (end 2 nd millennium B.C.E.) Medes pushed out Assyrians (end 2 nd millennium B.C.E.) Cyrus – Cyrus – Conquered Anatolia Conquered Anatolia

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5. 5 Ishtar Gate Babylon was protected by a double enclosure totaling over 11 miles in length. The north side was the most strongly fortified. In front a double castle protected the main gate, which was dedicated to Ishtar, and housed a kind of museum containing ancient and foreign monuments. Here we see a reconstruction of the magnificent "Ishtar Gate." (Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY) Ishtar Gate Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

6. 6 Cambyses & Darius Cyrus died during a military campaign Cyrus died during a military campaign Cambyses – next leader Cambyses – next leader Son of Cyrus Son of Cyrus Continued Cyrus’ policies Continued Cyrus’ policies Darius Darius Seized power – fought off others Seized power – fought off others Medes moved to smaller role in govt. Medes moved to smaller role in govt. Extended territory East - Indus R. and west to Danube R. in Europe Extended territory East - Indus R. and west to Danube R. in Europe

7. 7 Imperial Organization under Darius Divided empire into 20 provinces - led by satrap (royal governor) - seat became hereditary - duty to collect tribute –send on to king - duty to collect tribute –send on to king - payment expected in gold – wrecks local economies

8. 8 Administration Centrally administered Centrally administered Creation of “laws of the king” Creation of “laws of the king” Persepolis (city) – center for treasury Persepolis (city) – center for treasury Food distribution Food distribution Became ‘special’ ceremonial city Became ‘special’ ceremonial city Allowed people to live within customs of native lands Allowed people to live within customs of native lands

9. 9 Religion Zoroaster (Zarathushtra) –believed in a great god, Ahuramazda Zoroaster (Zarathushtra) –believed in a great god, Ahuramazda Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism

10. 10 Rise of the Greeks Resource poor region Resource poor region Need to bring in what is required Need to bring in what is required Borders Aegean Sea Borders Aegean Sea Islands – easily move from one to next Islands – easily move from one to next Boats and sea craft key Boats and sea craft key Anatolia – being settled @1000 B.C.E. Anatolia – being settled @1000 B.C.E.

11. 11 “Dark Age” (@ 1150 – 800 B.C.E.) Post destruction of Mycenaean palace- states Post destruction of Mycenaean palace- states Phoenician ships start to visit Phoenician ships start to visit Started the “Archaic” period (800 B.C.E.) Started the “Archaic” period (800 B.C.E.) Gave Greeks a new writing system – first true alphabet – 22 Phoenician letters with vowels from Greeks Gave Greeks a new writing system – first true alphabet – 22 Phoenician letters with vowels from Greeks

12. 12 Kritios Boy The Kritios Boy--the work of the sculptor Kritios--no longer uses the contrived frontal pose of previous Kouroi. This work is often viewed as breaking from the Archaic design principles and moving toward the Classical. (Acropolis Museum/Archaeological Receipts Fund, Athens) Kritios Boy Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

13. 13 Social Structure Polis – city Polis – city Urban center and rural territory it controlled (like a city state) Urban center and rural territory it controlled (like a city state) Acropolis – top of the city – refuge in case of emergency Acropolis – top of the city – refuge in case of emergency Agora – gathering place – market and government Agora – gathering place – market and government

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16. 16 Peplos Maiden The corresponding female form of the Kouros--the Kore--was represented in the same rigid way but was clothed. The Peplos Maiden was named after her garment, called a peplos. The more natural flow of hair and more subdued smile show a move to more lifelike representation. (Acropolis Museum/Archaeological Receipts Fund, Athens) Peplos Maiden Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

17. 17 Governments Various types used in different cities Various types used in different cities  Oligarchy – rule by many aristocratic families  Tyranny – person seized power – violated normal political institutions  Democracy – political power by all free adult males NO MILITARY CLASS EARLY IN CITY STATES – MAKES POSSIBLE MORE OPTIONS FOR GOVERNMENT

18. 18 Nike of Samothrace This sculpture originally stood in the Sanctuary of the Gods on the island of Samothrace, in the northern Aegean Sea. It demonstrates an interrelatedness between the statue and the space that it occupies. For example, the wings of the goddess, who has just landed on the prow of a ship, still seem to beat against a powerful headwind. (Louvre/Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art Resource, NY) Nike of Samothrace Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

19. 19 Great Altar of Pergamum The Altar to Zeus, the most important religious shrine on the acropolis of Pergamum, was commissioned by Eumenes II to commemorate his father's victories over the Gauls. The design is basically a rectangular court with two wings surrounded by an Ionic colonnade, which ascends 100 feet from the monumental flight of stairs. (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin/Bildarchiv preussischer Kulturbesitz. Photo: Reinhard Saczewski) Great Altar of Pergamum Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

20. 20 Bronze Zeus The so-called Poseidon of Artemision was found at the bottom of the seabed near Cape Artemision, Northern Eubioa; the arm was found in 1926, and the rest of the body was discovered in 1928. The god is represented at the moment when he raises his right arm to hurl his trident against an adversary. Some archaeologists believe it to be Zeus, preparing to cast a thunderbolt. (National Archaeological Museum, Athens/Archaeological Receipts Fund, Athens) Bronze Zeus Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

21. 21 Cultural Changes Humanism – uniqueness of individual stressed Humanism – uniqueness of individual stressed Individual rights – new concept Individual rights – new concept Poetry used for learning story of Greece Poetry used for learning story of Greece Philosophy – Pre-Socratic thinkers Philosophy – Pre-Socratic thinkers Looking for rational explanations to world Looking for rational explanations to world Postulated early atomic theory Postulated early atomic theory Logographers – catalogued Greek story in prose Logographers – catalogued Greek story in prose

22. 22 Historia Herodotus – Father of History Herodotus – Father of History Wrote Histories Wrote Histories Investigative/research Investigative/research Sought causes behind events Sought causes behind events

23. 23 Athens & Sparta Sparta  Population  take over of Messenia - Messenians become helots (abused and exploited people) - Helots resist – Sparta became a military state Athens Solon – 594 B.C.E. – averted civil war – created 4 social classes - Abolished enslavement to satisfy debt

24. 24 Cont. Males exist subordinate to the needs of the state Males exist subordinate to the needs of the state Culturally, socially, and politically stagnates Culturally, socially, and politically stagnates Creates Peloponnesian league to maintain peace Creates Peloponnesian league to maintain peace Tyrant family gained control Athenians (with help of Sparta) overthrow tyrants Pericles established democracy

25. 25 Spartan runner This bronze statuette from Laconia shows a woman running. Unlike other Greek women, elite Spartan women underwent physical education. Although their personal freedom was limited, women in Sparta suffered fewer restrictions than their counterparts in democratic Athens. (National Archaeological Museum, Athens/Archaeological Receipts Fund) Spartan runner Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

26. 26 Athenian Democracy 3 areas of control 3 areas of control Assembly Assembly Council of 500 Council of 500 Peoples Courts Peoples Courts Men of modest to wealthy means able to participate Men of modest to wealthy means able to participate Paid to serve state Paid to serve state Men met to make decisions Men met to make decisions

27. 27 Bronze punic armor This bronze Punic armor is a breast- and backplate found in a third-century B.C.E. tomb near Carthage. The ornamentation suggests an Italo-Greek origin. (Musee national du Bardo) Bronze punic armor Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

28. 28 Persian Wars Darius – 490 B.C.E. – attacked Eretria and Athens – pay back for backing Ionian revolt Eretria betrayed by some citizens, beaten by Persians Athens – won battle at Marathon

29. 29 Phase II Spartans resist Persians – Hellenic League – Battle at Thermopylae – 300 Spartans with generals fought to the death to allow most of the leagues soldiers to escape Spartans resist Persians – Hellenic League – Battle at Thermopylae – 300 Spartans with generals fought to the death to allow most of the leagues soldiers to escape Athens – defeated at Salamis – navy was trapped in narrow straits Athens – defeated at Salamis – navy was trapped in narrow straits 479 B.C.E. – Plataea – Persians soundly defeated 479 B.C.E. – Plataea – Persians soundly defeated

30. 30 Phase III Athens rebuilt navy – went on offensive Able to drive out Persians – became leader in campaign Delian League – 477 B.C.E. – within 20 years, able to get Persians from waters of Eastern Mediterranean – free up all Greek colonies (except ones in Cyprus)

31. 31 Theater at Epidauros The Theater at Epidauros demonstrates the use of the modified tholos plan as mastered by the architect Polykleitos the Younger--concentric rows of seats with stepped aisles placed at consistent intervals. This well-preserved theater had no stage, for the building behind the orchestra housed the scenery. (William Hubbell/Woodfin Camp & Associates) Theater at Epidauros Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

32. 32 Stoa of Attalos The Greek stoa, or portico, was a long building divided along its center by a spacious roofed corridor that allowed people to walk while enjoying the air but avoiding the sun and rain. On the other side opened the rooms of various shops. Philosophers were fond of discussing their ideas while strolling along the spacious arcade. The philosophical school of Zeno received its name, Stoicism, because its adherents formulated their views in a stoa. (Courtesy, American School of Classical Studies, Agora) Stoa of Attalos Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

33. 33 Floor littered with food This mosaic is of a floor that can never be swept clean. It whimsically suggests what a dining room floor looked like after a lavish dinner and also tells something about the menu: a chicken head, a wishbone, and the remains of various seafood, vegetables, and fruits are easily recognizable. (Scala/Art Resource, NY) Floor littered with food Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

34. 34 Classical Period 480 – 323 B.C.E. Athens became imperial power Athens became imperial power Used Delian League money to build up city and navy Used Delian League money to build up city and navy Forced other city states to pay tribute Forced other city states to pay tribute Controlled sea lanes Controlled sea lanes Gained great wealth Gained great wealth

35. 35 Sophists and Socrates Sophists – traveling teachers called “wise men” Taught logic and public speaking Rhetoric – construction of attractive and persuasive arguments

36. 36 Plato (428 – 347 B.C.E.) Student of Socrates The Republic Of all forms of govt. – democracy (not perfect) probably the best Founded “The Academy” More people becoming literate at this time – shift from oratory to literacy

37. 37 Aristotle (384 – 322 B.C.E.) Student of Plato – more practical Student of Plato – more practical Teacher of Alexander the Great Teacher of Alexander the Great Founded “Lyceum” Founded “Lyceum”

38. 38 Inequality in Greece Had to have ‘pure’ Athenian ancestry for full rights Had to have ‘pure’ Athenian ancestry for full rights Only 10 – 15 % of men could vote Only 10 – 15 % of men could vote 1/3 of pop. Were slaves – primarily foreign 1/3 of pop. Were slaves – primarily foreign Used as domestics Used as domestics ‘barbari’ seen as incapable of reason - justification ‘barbari’ seen as incapable of reason - justification

39. 39 Peloponnesian War 431 B.C.E. – Sparta v Athens 431 B.C.E. – Sparta v Athens Forced allied city states to take sides Forced allied city states to take sides Disrupted all of Greece Disrupted all of Greece Pericles used navy to Athens advantage Pericles used navy to Athens advantage Lasted 3 decades Lasted 3 decades 404 B.C.E. – Sparta finally triumphed 404 B.C.E. – Sparta finally triumphed Bankrolled by Persians Bankrolled by Persians

40. 40 Macedonian Triumph Philip II – king – took advantage of disruption of Peloponnesian War Philip II – king – took advantage of disruption of Peloponnesian War Improved technology – catapult invented – able to break walls of cities Improved technology – catapult invented – able to break walls of cities Used cavalry with infantry to overwhelm enemies Used cavalry with infantry to overwhelm enemies Took over Greece Took over Greece Assassinated 336 B.C.E. Assassinated 336 B.C.E.

41. 41 Alexander the Great Used Persian model to rule territory Used Persian model to rule territory Adopted Persian dress and court ceremonies Adopted Persian dress and court ceremonies Married Iranian women to solidify aristocratic connections Married Iranian women to solidify aristocratic connections Encouraged military commanders to do the same Encouraged military commanders to do the same Conquered territory from North Africa to Indus River Valley Conquered territory from North Africa to Indus River Valley Died at age 32 Died at age 32

42. 42 Changes after Alexander’s Death Divided empire into 3 separate kingdoms Helenistic Age – 323 – 30 B.C.E. Blended Greek, Persian, Egyptian and Indian Cultures - Lasting impact on world even to today Cities Established libraries, museums, universities, cultural centers Alexandria – most often used name

43. 43 Alexander and Hellenism Greek style cities founded throughout Persia Greek style cities founded throughout Persia Easily learned alphabet system Easily learned alphabet system Cultural focal point for a thousand years Cultural focal point for a thousand years