1. Organization of Living Organisms
CELLS
Organization of Living Organisms

2. Do Now
Copy these questions & answer them while we watch the brain pop.
1. Name the organelles that they mentioned in the video and a brief function
2. The kidneys and intestines are compared to what 2 organelles in the cell?
3. Why do we have different types of cells?

3. Cell Theory All living things are made up of cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function for all living things
All cells arise from pre-existing cells

4. Cells specialize and are grouped into tissues
Different tissues combine to form organs
Several organs form systems to carry out life functions

5. Cells = The basic structure of life!
Cells have specific structures that perform specific jobs called ORGANELLES
Organelles are floating in the jellylike substances in the cell called CYTOPLASM

6. Cellular Organization
Every human cell has:
Plasma Membrane (cell membrane)
Surrounds cell and keeps it intact
Regulates what goes in and out of the cell
Phospholipid bilayer that is semipermeable (allows only certain molecules in)
Nucleus
Large, centrally located
Contains chromosomes
Control center of the cell
Controls metabolic functioning & structural characteristic of cell
Cytoplasm
Found between the nucleus and plasma membrane
Contains water and various types of molecules
Contains organelles

7. Cellular Organization
Organelles
Small, membranous structures
Each has a specific function
Keeps various cellular activities separate from each other
Cytoskeleton
Network of interconnected filaments and microtubules in cytoplasm
Maintains cell shape and all the cell and contents to move

8. Plasma Membrane
Thin structure that surround the cell – composed of lipids and proteins
Important functions:
Separates contents of cell from outside environment
Controls which molecules enter and leave the cell (selective barrier)
Recognize and respond to chemical signals with “receptor” molecules  allow interactions between cells

9. Phospholipid Bilayer Has attached/embedded proteins
Polar head and nonpolar tails
Polar heads are charged, hydrophilic, face outward
Nonpolar tails are hydrophobic, face inward
At body temperature the bilayer is a liquid, consistency of olive oil.
Fluid-mosaic model –description of membrane structure
Protein molecules have changing pattern
Short chains of sugar are attached to outer surfaces of some proteins & lipids
Glycoproteins, glycolipids
Glycoproteins are specific to each cell and belong to specific individuals

10. Do Now Take out homework from Tuesday Night
What are the 3 main parts of the human cell?
What is the fluid-mosaic model?

11. Nucleus Stores genetic information Control center of the cell
Every cell has genetic information, but each cell type has certain genes turned on and off
Control center of the cell
Metabolism is controlled here
Contains a nucleolus
Ribosomal RNA is produced here
Surrounded by a nuclear envelope
Has nuclear pores to allow certain proteins to pass through

12. Ribosomes Composed of two subunits, 1 large, 1 small
Found free within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
Makes proteins

13. Endoplasmic Reticulum
System of channels through the cell
– communication and transport
Smooth ER: no ribosomes
Synthesizes phospholipids
In testes – produces testosterone
In liver – detoxifies drugs
Rough ER: has ribosomes
Proteins are made here then processed and modified
Lysosome
Contain digestive enzymes “suicide sacs”
Join with vacuoles to break down food
– If the lysosome ruptures or breaks
the cell will die

14. Golgi Body Consists of a stack of 3 to 20 slightly curved saccules
One side is directed toward the ER, other side is directed toward plasma membrane
Packages secretions and transports materials, which are then carried in vesicles through the cytoplasm to other parts of the cell, or are excreted from the cell

15. Vacuoles & Peroxisomes
Isolate substances captured inside the cell
May contain parasites that are awaiting digestion by lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Similar in structure to lysosomes
Vesicles that contain enzymes
Detoxify drugs, alcohol and other potential toxins
Found in great numbers in the liver and kidneys
Break down fatty acids so that the fats can be metabolized

16. Mitochondria Bounded by a double membrane Site of ATP production
Inner membrane folded to form shelves (cristae)
Matrix (inner space) filled with gel-like fluid
Site of ATP production
Powerhouse of the cell

17. Centrioles
Short cylinders with 9 outer microtubule triplets and no center microtubules
Pair of centrioles is each cell
Duplicate and separate during cell division

18. Cilia and Flagellum
Projections from the cell. They are made up of microtubules. They are motile and designed either to move the cell itself or to move substances over or around the cell

20. Crossing the Plasma Membrane
Lesson 2
Crossing the Plasma Membrane

21. Simple Diffusion
Random movement of simple atoms or molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equal distribution
NO ENERGY IS INVOLVED!!!

22. Osmosis Diffusion of water across the plasma membrane
Occurs when there is an unequal concentration of water
Osmotic pressure – force exerted on semipermeable membrane because water has moved from high concentration to lower concentration

23. Osmosis Solutes – dissolved substances
Solution – water is more concentrated (least amount of dissolved substances, closest to pure water)
Tonicity – degree to which a solutions concentration of solute vs. water causes water to move in or out of cells
Isotonic – an equal concentration of solutes and solvent on both sides of membrane
Hypotonic – solutions that cause cells to swell
Hypertonic – solutions that cause cells to shrink

24. Filtration Movement of liquid from high pressure to low pressure
Occurs in capillaries, pushes water and dissolved solutes out of the capillary through tiny pores

25. Transport by Carriers
Facilitated diffusion – a molecule is transported across the plasma membrane from high concentration to low concentration by means of a helper protein. NO ENERGY REQUIRED
Active transport – molecule is moving from low concentration to high concentration. ENERGY REQUIRED!!!

26. Endocystosis vs. Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Portion of plasma membrane forms an inner pocket to engulf a substance
Membrane pinches off to form a vesicle
Two forms
Phagocytosis – cell eating
Pinocytosis – cell drinking
Vesicle fuses with plasma membrane as secretion occurs

27. Content Check Which process requires cellular ATP energy? A. osmosis
B. facilitated diffusion
C. active transport
D. simple diffusion
Video

28. Homework
Study Questions #7-12

29. Lesson 3
The Cell Cycle

30. Do Now Take out Homework From last night
Take out Cell Division video worksheet
Cell Division

31. Cell Cycle
Orderly set of stages that take place between the time a cell divides and the time the daughter cells divide
Apoptosis – programmed cell death
Stages:
Interphase – not dividing, carries on regular activites, gets ready to divide
G1 Phase – return to normal pre-mitotic condition
S phase – DNA replication occurs
G2 phase – cell synthesizes proteins that will aid in cell division

32. DNA Replication An exact copy of DNA is produced
Each strand of the helix is used as a template
Before replication - two strands are hydrogen bonded to one another
During replication – old strands “unzip” and unwind
New strands are made, enzyme DNA polymerase joins the new nucleotides together forming new helices.
End result – two resulting double helices are identical.
Each strand of double helix is equal to 1 chromatid, at the end of replication each chromosome is composed of 2 sister chromatids

33. Stages of Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

34. Prophase
Two pairs of centiroles are moving to opposite ends of the nucleus
Spindle fibers appear
Nuclear envelope starts to disappear
Chromosomes are visible
Spindle fibers attach to centromeres

35. Metaphase Nuclear envelope is completely gone
Paired chromosomes are at the equator
Fully formed spindles

36. Do Now
Take out Homework From Last night
List the 5 stages of mitosis.

37. Anaphase Sister chromatids separate
Each cell receives a copy of each type of chromosome
Chromosomes begin to move to opposite ends of the cell

38. Teleophase and Cytokinesis
Chromosomes arrive at the poles
Chromosomes become indistinct again
Cytoplasm begins to divide
Cleavage furrow begins to occur – pinches the cell in half
Mitosis

39. Homework
Study Questions pg 62 #13, 14, 16 & 17

40. Protein Synthesis
DNA is template for RNA formation and protein construction
Two Steps:
Transcription – mRNA (messenger RNA) is produced
Translation – mRNA specifies the order of amino acids in a polypeptide

41. Transcription
DNA unzips and unwinds, binding with their RNA counterparts
Joined by RNA polymerase -> RNA molecule results
Three forms of RNA
Messenger
Transfer
Ribosomal
Codon – a sequence of three bases that is complimentary to the DNA triplet(ex. AAG)

42. Translation Uses several enzymes and all 3 types of RNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA) deliver amino acids to ribosomes which are composed of rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and protein
At least 1 tRNA molecule for each of the 20 amino acids
Anticodon – a group of 3 bases that is complimentary to an mRNA codon

43. Animation

44. In class assignment/Homework
Read Focus on Forensics “DNA Fingerprinting”
Why is DNA so important to us?
How is DNA extracted from a sample?
Study Question 15, on page 18-19