1. Deep Convecton and Lightning Ken Pickering – NASA/GSFC Chris Cantrell – NCAR Tropospheric Chemistry Future Activities Meeting March 8, 2007 Deep Convection and Lightning Ken Pickering – NASA GSFC Chris Cantrell – NCAR Tropospheric Chemistry Future Activities Meeting March 8, 2007 July 12, 1996 STERAO-A storm – NE Colorado

2. Topics Effects of deep convection on atmospheric chemistry - examples Science questions What is needed for a successful mission? Discussion

3. Effects of Deep Convection “Polluted Regions” - Venting of boundary layer pollution - Transport of NO x, NMHCs, CO, and HO x precursors to the UT (and sometimes to the LS), where chemical lifetimes are longer and wind speeds greater - Downward transport of cleaner air to PBL - Transported pollutants allow efficient ozone production in UT, resulting in enhanced UT ozone over broad regions - Increased potential for intercontinental transport - Enhanced radiative forcing by ozone

4. Effects of Deep Convection “Clean” Regions -In remote regions low values of O 3 and NO x are transported to UT -Potential for decreased ozone production in UT -Larger values of these species transported to PBL where they can more readily be destroyed All Regions - Lightning production of NO - Perturbation of photolysis rates - Effective wet scavenging of soluble species - Nucleation of particles in convective outflow

5. Aircraft Measurements of Trace Gas Redistribution in Oklahoma PRESTORM June 15, 1985 MCC CO O3O3 Dickerson et al., 1987, Science

6. Pickering et al., 1990

7. Pickering et al., 1996 NASA GTE/TRACE-A

8. Cloud-resolved Storm Simulations with Lightning StormLocationReferences STERAO - 7/12/96NE ColoradoDeCaria et al.(2000, JGR; 2005, JGR) STERAO – 7/10/96NE ColoradoOtt et al. (2006, Ph.D; 2007, JGR, in prep.) EULINOX – 7/21/98BavariaOtt et al. (2007, JGR, in press) Fehr et al. (2004, JGR) CRYSTAL-FACE 7/29/02 * S. FloridaOtt et al. (2006, Ph.D; 2007, JGR, in prep.) 7/16/02 ** S. Floridaditto * Run using MM5 ** Run using ARPS

9. EULINOX July 21, 1998 P CG = 360 moles/flash P IC = 414 moles/flash

10. Output from UMD CSCTM driven by cloud-resolved MM5 simulation Latitude (deg) CRYSTAL-FACE

11. Model Ridley NO obs. + PSS NO 2 & j(NO 2 ) x 2 IC/CG = 5 P CG = 590 moles/fl P IC = 354 moles/fl

12. Lightning NO Production Scenarios Summary of Five Storms Means: 500 moles/flash 0.94 ratio Orville et al., 2002

13. Flashes km -2 min -1 10-year Mean Flash Rate from the OTD & LIS Satellite Instruments Need Measurements in Tropical Africa Should span entire troposphere (will require multiple aircraft) What is the NOx yield for tropical IC and CG flashes? Annual Mean SCIAMACHY NO 2 Sampled During Months With Enhanced Lightning Martin et al., in press

14. Cooper et al., 2006 Impact of Lightning in INTEX-NA FLEXPART model

15. Barth et al., in prep. Cloud-resolving Chemical Model Intercomparison

16. Bertram et al., 2007 Chemical Clock for Convective Influence – INTEX-NA 54% of air sampled between 7.5 and 11.5 km influenced by convection in the past two days

17. Fu et al., 2006 MLS Shows Impact of Convective Transport of Pollution

18. Science Questions (1) What are the relative characteristics of convective transport for various types of convection (squall lines, single cell, multicell, supercell)? What are the inflow regions (lower BL, upper BL, above BL)? What are primary entrainment/detrainment layers? How much stratospheric air is entrained into the anvil? How much transport is there into the lowermost stratosphere? What is the transport efficiency of BL air in various types of convection and in different environmens? What percentage of BL air reaches the UT/LS?

19. Science Questions (2) What is the average amount (and range) of NO produced per cloud-to-ground and per intracloud lightning flash? Does the NO produced from lightning correlate with length of flash or with flash intensity (e.g., peak current)? Does the mean production per flash vary from one region of the world to another? What shape does the vertical profile of lightning NO x take upon dissipation of a thunderstorm? How should lightning NO x be best represented in regional and global chemical models?

20. Science Questions (3) What is the fate of soluble species in deep convection? How is the convective transport of soluble species affected by phase changes of hydrometeors? What fractions of these species are retained in the ice phase after freezing? What is the effect of convection on downwind photochemistry? By how much are NO x and HO x levels perturbed? How much ozone is produced in the convective outflow over the 12 – 48 hours following a storm? How does the downwind UT chemistry vary with different surface emissions and lightning flash rates?

21. Science Questions (4) How well do parameterizations represent convective transport of chemical tracers in regional and global models? How important are regions of monsoon convection in the vertical transport of pollution? How effectively (and on what time scale) do thunderstorms replace UT air with lower tropospheric air (convective recycling) over particular regions of the globe? What is the net global effect of deep convection on tropospheric ozone?

22. Mission Requirements Multiple aircraft for: Characterizing boundary layer Performing anvil transects Obtaining full undisturbed tropospheric profiles Tracking downwind chemical evolution of convective outflow Storm penetration Thunderstorm forecasting capability Dual-Doppler Radar VHF 3-D total lightning mapping systems Enhanced rawinsonde network

23. Mission Requirements Satellite Observations Trop. NO 2 column – OMI, SCIAMACHY, MetOp/GOME-2 Profiles of CO, O 3 – TES, MLS UT HNO 3 – TES, MLS, ACE Trop. O 3 column – OMI-MLS, MetOp/IASI Clouds – GOES, CloudSat, CALIPSO Cloud-resolved modeling with chemistry – testing transport, representation of soluble species and lightning Regional and global modeling – testing convective parameterizations, testing UT photochemistry in outflow