1. Ch. 5 Secession & Civil War
MS Studies Ch. 5
Ch. 5 Secession & Civil War

2. Slavery
Slavery was viewed as a potential problem dating back to the drafting of the U.S. Constitution
By 1819, slavery was the primary political issue in the U.S.

4. The Missouri Compromise
1819 U.S. had 22 states. 11 free states. 11 slave states
Free State – State that did not allow slavery
Slave State – State that did allow slavery
Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state
Intense debates erupted in U.S. Congress
Missouri Compromise was created.
Missouri was admitted as slave state
Maine admitted as a free state
Slavery forbidden in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36°30’ N

5. Missouri Compromise Map

6. Missouri Compromise Map

7. Antislavery Movement
1817 American Colonization Society formed. Offered to send free blacks back to Africa (Liberia)
MS Colonization Society formed 1831.
Many people wanted to end slavery, but no person knew the proper way.

8. Nullification Crisis & States’ Rights
States’ Rights – the principle that the rights of the individual state should prevail over the rights of the federal government.
Many southerners believed deeply in states’ rights
1832 South Carolina challenged the U.S. tariff saying that they had the right as a state to nullify this U.S. law.
S. Carolina threatened to secede
A compromise reduced the tariff, but a law was passed that denied the states the right to nullify a national law
Mississippians were divided on this issue.

10. The Compromise of 1850
1846 U.S. gained new lands from Mexico and the Missouri Compromise did not apply to them.
By 1850 California was ready for statehood & wanted to be free.
Issue was raised “FREE or SLAVE”
Compromise of 1850 solved the issue
California admitted as free state
Slavery in new territories would be determined by Popular Sovereignty (means a vote by those living there)
South got a stronger fugitive slave law

11. Compromise of 1850

12. Slavery Issues Kansas-Nebraska Act passed 1854
Said Pop. Sovereignty would decide slavery issue
Led to violence and wars known as “Bleeding Kansas” or “Border War”
1854 Republican Party created to stop expansion of slavery
1857 Supreme Court rules that Dred Scott was property and that slavery could expand into territories.
1859 John Brown leads a raid against an armory at Harper’s Ferry Virginia.
He hoped to start a slave revolt, but he was captured and executed

13. John Brown

14. Dred Scott

15. Harper’s Ferry

16. MS & Secession
Mississippians were divided. They loved the U.S., but also loved slavery.
Secession (withdrawal from the Union) was not accepted by most Mississippians during the 1850’s. They wanted U.S. Congress to protect slavery
By 1859 most Mississippians felt like secession was the only answer to the slave question.

17. 1860 Presidential Election
Democrats divided
Southern Democrats nominated John C. Breckinridge (U.S. Vice President)
Northern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas
Constitution Party nominated John Bell
Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln won the election (Breckenridge carried the south)

18. Election of 1860 Candidates Stephen A. Douglas (Northern Democrats)
John C.
Breckinridge
(Southern
Democrats)
Abraham
Lincoln
(Republican)
John Bell
(Constitutional
Party)

19. Secession Dec. 20, 1860 South Carolina seceded from the union
MS called a state convention.
MS delegates voted 84 – 15 in favor of secession
Jan. 9, 1861 MS became 2nd state to secede from the Union
AL, GA, FL, LA, & TX followed.
Feb delegates from each state met in Montgomery, AL and formed the Confederate States of America (new government)
Jefferson Davis was selected as the President & Montgomery, AL was the capital
When VA seceded from the Union, the capital was moved to Richmond, VA.

20. Secession Map

21. Jefferson Davis

22. Confederate Flags Confederate Flag Confederate Flag 1865- 1861-1863
Navy Jack
Confederate
Battle Flag
Confederate Flag

23. War Begins
April 1861, Confederate forces fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina when a resupply is attempted.
President Lincoln called for troops to put down the rebellion.
VA, NC, TN, & AR seceded.
Both sides thought they could win
South had better leaders & thought foreign nations would support them
North had more people and resources than the south.

24. Fort Sumter
War Begins

25. Fort Sumter Aftermath

26. U.S. Leaders

27. Confederate Leaders Gen. Robert E. Lee Jefferson Davis (Eastern Front)
Gen. Albert Johnston
(Western Front)

28. MS River
The MS River was a key component to the Union’s success during the war.
Gen. Ulysses S. Grant commanded Union forces in the West
Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston commanded Confederate troops in the West.
March 1862 Gen. Johnston is defending Corinth, MS. Gen. Grant has a fort at Shiloh (TN).

29. Ulysses S. Grant

30. Confederate encampment at Corinth

33. Battle of Shiloh
Johnston attacks grant on April 6 beginning the Battle of Shiloh. Johnston is killed during the battle.
Gen. P.G. T. Beauregard takes command of southern forces. South advances on Day 1, but on Day 2 reinforced Union forces cause a Confederate retreat back to Corinth.
Shiloh was the bloodiest battle of the war to that point.
Corinth & Memphis were later abandoned by the Confederates.

34. Battle of Shiloh

35. Western Campaign

36. Battle of Shiloh

37. Battle for Vicksburg
Vicksburg was vital. It sat within a great curve in the MS River. The city was well fortified and sat atop high bluffs.
Vicksburg was a key supply point for the Confederacy.
Union tried to dig a canal on the LA side of the river to avoid Vicksburg. This failed.
Dec Union Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman begins a direct attack against Vicksburg from the North. Attack Fails

38. Vicksburg 1863

39. Battle for Vicksburg (Cont.)
Grant tries to dig a canal to bypass Vicksburg, but this fails due to Confederate Artillery fire.
Grant moves his forces south of Vicksburg through LA.
Grant attacked & captured Jackson, MS in May 1863 & then led a direct attack on Vicksburg.
Vicksburg was surrounded, but numerous attacks failed
Grant laid siege to Vicksburg for 6 weeks
Vicksburg fell July 4, 1863 (same day as Gettysburg victory)

40. Vicksburg, MS

41. Vicksburg Map

42. Union blockade at Vicksburg

43. Union soldiers at Vicksburg

44. Vicksburg National Cemetery

45. After Vicksburg Grant named Commander of all Union Forces
General William T. Sherman commands Union troops in the West
Sherman captured Meridian, MS in Feb (RR Depot)
Sherman moved on to Chattanooga
Sherman kept MS Generals Nathan Bedford Forrest and Stephen Lee off of his supply lines by constantly raiding North & East MS
Late 1864 Sherman makes his famous “March to the Sea” (from Atlanta to Savannah, GA)

46. Battle of Chattanooga & Chickamagua

48. Atlanta
Gen. William
Tecumseh Sherman

49. Battle Map

50. Fort Massachusetts (Ship Island)

51. War Ends March 1865 Richmond, VA falls to the Union.
April 1865 Robert E. Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House, VA
MS & AL troops surrendered on May 4, 1865 at Citronelle, AL
Jefferson Davis was captured on May 10, 1865 in Irwinville, GA

52. Lee Surrender

53. Mclean House

54. Washington D.C. after the War

55. MS Numbers 80,000 Mississippians fought for the Confederacy
About 500 Mississippians fought for the Union Army
17,000 MS slaves or freedmen fought for the Union Army
MS had about 27,000 dead at the end of the Civil War.

56. 9th Mississippi Infantry

57. 9th MS Infantry at Ft Pickens, Pensacola

58. Private James Madison Moore, Company A, 14th Regiment, Mississippi Consolidated Infantry

61. MS’s Homefront Those at home did what they could
Men joined the service
Women made uniforms or were nurses
Everyone supported the state or opposed in silence
MS tried to have normal politics but it was impossible.
Money became worthless in the south.
People did not have
Candle wax, salt, coffee & tea (corn, okra, sweet potatoes used instead),
Slave Revolts were feared
Union Soldiers took what they wanted and in many cases destroyed everything else.

62. Hardtack

63. End of Slavery
During war many southern blacks fled to Union army camps.
Some stayed on the Plantations
Blacks joined Union army and mainly performed labor roles.
By end of war blacks were actively fighting for the Union
Blacks were paid less and usually given menial tasks.
1862 Emancipation Proclamation issued. Freed slaves in the seceding states.
Dec th Amendment abolished slavery

64. Slaves

65. Slaves

66. Slaves

67. Emancipation Proclamation

68. 13th Amendment (from Harper’s Weekly)
SCENE IN THE HOUSE ON THE PASSAGE OF THE PROPOSITION TO AMEND THE CONSTITUTION, JANUARY 31, 1865.