1. Climate and natural regions  By the end of this chapter you will understand why different parts of the world experience different climates  You will understand what NATURAL CLIMATES are be able to talk about the different types of natural climates such as: hot climates….the desert temperate climates….ireland/Med cool climates…..North/South pole

2. What is the weather???? What is climate ????  The weather is what we experience every day…..today it is…..  Climate is the average condition of the weather over a 35 year period

3. So what influences climates??  Factors of climates include:  1. Latitude  2. Distance from the sea  3. Prevailing winds and ocean currents

4. 1. Latitude  Means the distance north or south of the equator  The closer to the equator, the hotter the temperature

6. 2. Distance from the sea Remember….. land heats and cools faster than the sea)  in summer it is colder by the sea and warmer inland  The sea is very deep so the suns rays have further to penetrate to warm it up.  In the winter this heat is released making the coast warmer than inland areas.  During the summer it is warmer inland because the ground is not transparent and it heats up quickly.  During winter it loses any heat it has left from the summer

7. summer at the beach and no its not me or jackie!! summer inland

8. Prevailing winds

9. 3. Prevailing winds  Winds influence the temperature and rain that an area receives.  Easterly winds blow from the east across land so in winter they are cold and warm in summer  Southerly winds blow from the south and they bring warm air because they come from the equator. They also bring cold air because they are moving away from the heat

10. Prevailing winds continued  Northerly winds are further from the equator so they bring cold air in summer and snow in the winter  South-westerly winds bring blow in from the south west and bring rain because they blow in from the ocean  They are cold in the summer (the sea is colder)  They bring warm air in winter as the sea is warmer in winter

11. Factors affecting local climates  Today in dublins Northside it is lovely and warm  Today at the same time in dundrum it is raining!!!!!!!!!! Whaaaattttt……..  Local climate is a variation in climate between 2 areas in the same climatic region

12. Factors affecting local climate= 1. Aspect and 2. Altitude  1. Aspect = is the direction of a slope. south facing slopes are sunnier and north facing slopes are colder north of equator

13. 2. Altitude = the height above sea level  The higher up you go the colder it gets.  The air becomes thinner and cannot hold any heat  Upland areas are less sheltered and are exposed to winds  They get more rain

14. Natural regions and world climates  A natural region is an area of the world that has its own unique characterisics making it different to any other area.  This could be: Climate/vegetation/ wildlife/human activities  For example the desert…the poles…the tundra region….the rainforest

15. There are 3 main climates Hot climates…close to the equator Temperate climates…mid latitudes Cold climates…north and south poles

16. g

17. Hot climates are found between 30 degrees north and south equator  Equatorial climate  Savanna climate  Hot Desert climate

18. EQUATORIAL CLIMATES RAINFORESTS = 6% EARTHS SURFACE  HOT ALL YEAR: 32 DEGREES  ONE SEASON  RAIN EVERY AFTERNOON  VERY HUMID  VEGETATION: RAINFOREST/MAHOGANY/ TEAK/CHERRY  EXOTIC BIRDS  SNAKES, MONKEYS, BUTTERFLIES  AMAZON/CONGO/BRAZIL /

19. Savanna climate  Located just to the north and south of the EQUATOR  wet summer and dry winter  Prevailing winds change with the seasons—this is known as the monsoon effect  Vegetation = trees/grass  Herds of cattle/cheetahs, giraffes  (Tarangerie national park, tanzania)

20. Hot Desert Climates Found between 15 and 30 degrees north and south of the equator Temps=daytime is 30-50 degrees….HOT Night = 5 degrees C (no cloud cover) Very little rain because the winds that blow can absorb all the moisture

21. Hot deserts of the world  These are found in latitudes between 15 and 30 degree north and south of the equator  Temperature = during the day 30-50 degrees celcius. This is because there is no cloud cover  At night: 5 degrees celcius. No clouds mean that heat can escape  Rainfall: is very rare-less than 100mm year. The lack of rain is due to the dry warm winds that blow over the desert. They can easily absorb and hold the heat.

22. Hot deserts of the world: weather chart

23. Vegetation in the desert (plants)  There are very little plants in the desert  Cactus plants are the most common  How do they survive  They have thick fleshy bark to hold moisture  They have needles on them to prevent animals eating them  They have long roots to gather moisture  They have thick leaves to store any moisture

24. Saguaro cactus plant

25. Animals found in the desert  Animals living in the desert have to adapt to the difficult conditions in the desert  1. Desert fox: only comes out at night  2. Jack rabbit: long ears help to lose heat  3. Rattlesnakes: get moisture from small creatures that they eat

26. Desert animals Jack rabbit desert fox rattlesnake

27. Camels found in the desert  How do they adapt to the climate 1. Long eyelashes prevent sand getting in their eyes 2. They have leathery hooves-their feet don’t burn 3. They have thick lips to allow them eat plants with needles on them (cactus)

28. Camels…some interesting facts  They are pregnant for 1 year  They bleat like a lamb or goat  They can move at 40km/hour  They are used for milk, food and transport  They only eat grass (herbivore)  Their dung is used for fires  1 hump= dromedary  2 humps = bactriam (endangered species)

29. Desertification  Deserts are growing! They are spreading into areas that were once fertile  Why:  1. Climate change; Hotter temperatures are a result of global warming. There is no rain and droughts occur. The rivers dry up and fertile soil turns into sand 2. Human factors; High birth rate = need for more food. More herds of cattle leads to overgrazing. Farmers switch back to growing crops without fertilisers. The crops fail  Farmers cut down trees for cooking/heating: soil erosion is speeded up

30. Results of desertification  1. Hundreds of thousands of people have died because of the famine (no food)  2. Millions of people had to migrate (locate to a different part of the country) to refugee camps  3. Some moved to the city and slums were developed  4. Millions of animals died as a result of the famine  5. When deserts grew beyond their boundaries, towns and villages were swallowed up

31. Slums  India

32. Question on page 113 of your New Geo Book

33. Solutions to desertification  1. Plant grass (like marram grass) to help bind the soil together.  2. Plant lines of trees to prevent the wind causing soil erosion  3. Introduce new breeds of cattle to produce milk but smaller herds (less over grazing)  4. Dig deeper wells to find water for irrigation

34. Temperate climates of the world  These are found in the mid-latitude ranges-30-40 degrees north/south of equator.  2 types are: cool temperate climate and warm temperate climate This is Ireland, England and Scotland  We are going to study about the warm temperate oceanic climate: better known as the Mediterranean Climate

35. Mediterranean Climate  Summers are hot 30 degrees because they are close to the equator and skies are cloudless  Summer is dry due to trade winds which are dry  Winters are mild 4-6 degrees celcius. This is due to S.W warm winds blowing from the equator  Rainfall between 400-700mm because winds blow in from Atlantic ocean bringing moisture

36. Map showing the location of warm oceanic climates: look at page 199-map

37. Chart for precipitation/temperatures

38. Vegetation in med climates  Evergreen woodlands are the main vegetation in the Med  Oak, cypress, cedar and olive trees  How they adapt:  1. they absorb and store moisture  2. thick bark prevents loss of moisture  3. they are wide spaced so there is no competition for moisture

39. The Mediterranean landscape  Most of the trees have been cut down  Sheep and goats are the most common  Overgrazing has led to very little vegetation and soil erosion  Fruit and vegetable farming takes place throughout-citrus fruits, wheat, maize and sunflowers

40. Attractions in the Med

41. Homework page 50 – workbook LETS CORRECT IT  1. desertification means that the deserts are growing. It means the turning of land into desert  Climate change has led to droughts – crops fail/people starve  Populations growth means that the demand for food has increased. The over-grazing of cattle has resulted in soil erosion.  2 results of desertification= people are forced to migrate as towns/villages are swallowed up.  People/animals starve to death  Reduce desertification??  1. Plant more trees to prevent soil erosion  2. Dig deeper wells for more water  3. Introduce new breeds of cattle-smaller herds

42. Question 1 page 50  2 temperate climates= cool temperate oceanic climate and warm temperate oceanic climate  Ireland experiences a COOL TEMPERATE OCEANIC  Natural vegetation of Ireland = deciduous trees = oak, ash, elm  It was removed to make way for farming, transport and settlement  NOW LOOK AT PAGE 51 PLEASE Now look at page 51 pleeze

43. Lets look at page 52 of our workbooks  1. list 2 ways the natural vegetation in a Mediterranean area has adapted to its environment _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 2. How has agriculture damaged the vegetation and soil in Mediterranean regions? _______________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 3. Name 3 citrus fruits grown in Mediterranean regions _________________________________________________________ 4. Explain the term “Irrigation” _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________

44.  why is irrigation important for agriculture?_________________________________________________________ (c)Name 2 crops grown with the aid of irrigation ________________________________________________________ 8. A_______________B_____________c______________________ D_______________E______________F_____________________ G_______________H______________ 9. Select any one of the resorts and say why you would like to holiday there _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________

45. 2 types of cold/Polar Climates  Tundra climate  Boreal climate

46. Tundra Climate means “ without trees”  Winter: long dark days temp = -35 degrees  Summer = 6 weeks with only 5 degrees  Water below the surface is frozen year round and is called permafrost  No trees or forests only small animals and little plants  Animals: squirrells, snow leopards, ladybirds, mountain sheep (called dolls) and blue sheet  Plants: Heather and moss

47. BOREAL CLIMATE  THE WORD BOREAL MEANS “NORTHERN” AND INCLUDES LATITUDES OF 55 DEGREES NORTH OF THE EQUATOR  SUMMERS 10 – 15 DEGREES CELCIUS. LONG DAYS  WINTER -25 DEGREES LONG DARK DAYS BECAUSE THE SUN IS TILTED AWAY FROM THE SUN  RAINFALL : LESS THAN 400MM BECAUSE THE WINDS ARE DRY AND ITS TOO COLD TO HOLD MOISTURE