1. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.1 Chapter 8 Sleep and Biological Rhythms This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images any rental, lease or lending of the program.

2. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.2 Chapter 8 Outline A Physiological and Behavioral Description of Sleep Disorders of Sleep Why Do We Sleep Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking Biological Clocks

3. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.3 A physiological and behavioral description of sleep EEG –gross patterns of brain waves involving _____________. Used to define ____________. Electromyogram (EMG) An electrical potential recorded from an electrode placed on a _________. Electro-oculogram (EOG) An electrical potential from the eyes, recorded by means of electrodes placed on the skin around them; detects eye movements.

4. EEG  Measures gross activity of large numbers of neurons.  High-amplitude waves (stage 4) indicate that more neurons are firing in a _________________.  Sleep cycle lasts about _____________.

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6. 6 A physiological and behavioral description of sleep Wakefulness ______________ activity A smooth electrical activity of 8–12 Hz recorded from the brain; generally associated with a state of __________________________. __________ activity Irregular electrical activity of 13–30 Hz recorded from the brain; generally associated with a state of _________.

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8. 8 A physiological and behavioral description of sleep ____________ activity EEG activity of 3.5-7.5 Hz that occurs intermittently during early stages of _____________________. Stage of transition from ______________________. ___________ activity Regular, synchronous electrical activity of less than 4 Hz recorded from the brain; occurs during the _______________________________.

9. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.9 A physiological and behavioral description of sleep _________sleep A period of desynchronized EEG activity during sleep, at which time __________________________________________ _________________________________________. Non-REM sleep All stages of sleep except REM sleep. Slow-wave sleep Non-REM sleep, characterized by synchronized EEG activity during deeper stages.

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11. Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep Hours of sleep Minutes of Stage 4 and REM 12 34 5678 0 10 15 20 25 5 Decreasing Stage 4 Increasing REM

12. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.12 A physiological and behavioral description of sleep Basic rest-activity cycle A 90-minute cycle (in humans) of _________________________________________, controlled by a biological clock in the caudal brain stem; controls cycles of REM sleep and slow-wave sleep. If awaken during REM or stage 1 sleep, the subject feels __________. If awaken during slow-wave sleep the subjects feels ________________.

13. Sleeping Like a Baby  Good sleep quality requires ________________________________ ______________________________.  In older adults - sleep tends to be shallower and more fragmented and the restorative effect of sleep is reduced. This is associated with reduced levels of stage ___ sleep.

14. Stage 4 Sleep  Quick transition from stage 1 to stage 4.  A stage 4 bout typically lasts for ___minutes.  Characterized by _____________________________________ _____________________________________  If awakened in stage 4 the subject feels disoriented.  Pulse of ________________ is released in the first two bouts of stage 4 sleep. May play a role in ____________________.

15. REM Sleep  Also called _____________ sleep – breathing is more shallow, heart rate and blood pressure are variable, eeg pattern is similar to the awake state, the large postural muscles are __________, increased genital blood flow.  Duration of REM bout ______________ over successive sleep cycles.  If awakened during REM the subject is NOT disoriented.

16. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.16 Disorders of Sleep Insomnia Reported to affect approximately ___% of the population occasionally, and __% regularly. There appears to be no single definition of insomnia. One of the most important causes of insomnia seems to be sleeping medication. Insomnia is not a disease but __________________________________________ __________________________________________.

17. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.17 Disorders of Sleep Insomnia The goal of sleep medications should be to make the person more ___________ the next day. Most medications produce ______________________. Most medications disturb the normal proportion of all sleep stages (subjects may be REM deprived). Improved drugs are being developed. Sleep apnea Cessation of _______________while sleeping. Subject wakes up to breathe. Many cases of apnea are caused by airway obstruction, and can be treated.

18. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.18 Disorders of Sleep Narcolepsy A sleep disorder characterized by periods of __________________, attacks of cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic _____________. Sleep attack A symptom of narcolepsy; an irresistible urge to sleep during the day, after which the person awakes feeling refreshed.

19. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.19 Disorders of Sleep Narcolepsy Cataplexy A symptom of narcolepsy; complete __________that occurs during waking. Sleep paralysis A symptom of narcolepsy; paralysis occurring ______________________________________.

20. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.20 Disorders of Sleep Narcolepsy Hypnagogic hallucination A symptom of narcolepsy; ______________that occur just before a person falls asleep; accompanied by sleep paralysis. Hypocretin A peptide, also known as orexin, produced by neurons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus; ____________________________.

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22. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.22 Disorders of Sleep REM sleep behavior disorder A neurological disorder in which __________________________________________ __________________________________________ ________________________________________.

23. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.23 Disorders of Sleep Problems associated with slow-wave sleep These occur _______________ Nocturnal enuresis Bedwetting Somnambulism Sleepwalking Pavor nocturnus Night terrors

24. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.24 Disorders of Sleep Problems associated with slow-wave sleep Sleep-related eating disorder A disorder in which the person leaves his or her bed and seeks out and eats food while sleepwalking, usually without _________________________. TV host Montel Williams has this disorder.

25. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.25 Why do we sleep? Most researchers believe the function of slow-wave sleep is to permit the brain to ______. REM sleep appears to promote brain development and ____________, but how it might do so is not yet understood. The brain tends to __________________________________________ _________________________________________. Some individuals tend to sleep better if they increase their _______________.

26. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.26 Why do we sleep? Functions of slow-wave sleep Sleep is a universal phenomenon among vertebrates. Only __________________________________________ _________________________________________. Sleep appears to be essential to survival. One cerebral hemisphere sleeps __________ in the bottlenose dolphin and porpoise.

27. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.27 In dolphins, the two hemispheres sleep _______________________

28. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.28 Why do we sleep? Effects of sleep deprivation Sleep appears to be a necessity of life. Restorative effects of sleep appear to be more important for the brain then the rest of the body. Deprivation does not appear to interfere with ability to perform ________________. There is no evidence of a physiological stress response to sleep deprivation.

29. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.29 Why do we sleep? Effects of sleep deprivation Studies have reported __________________________________________ ____________________________________. Research suggests that the brain is resting during slow-wave sleep. Mental activity during the day appears to simulate _____________ slow-wave sleep at night.

30. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.30 Why do we sleep? Fatal familial insomnia A fatal inherited disorder that results in damage to portions of the ______________; characterized by progressive _____________. Related to mad cow disease.

31. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.31 Why do we sleep? Functions of REM sleep Rebound phenomenon The increased frequency or intensity of a phenomenon after it has been temporarily suppressed; for example, the increase in REM sleep seen after a period of REM sleep ____________.

32. REM Rebound  If deprived of REM - _____________________________________ _____________________________________  If permitted to sleep subjects rush into REM sleep and experience longer REM bouts.  Subjects report vivid dreams when REM deprived.  Schizophrenics show fewer ___________ than normals, and no REM rebound effect.

33. Function of REM Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.33 ___________ people engage in less REM compared to normal subjects. ________ subjects engage in more REM than normal subjects. Animals deprived of REM after a training session ______________________. Animals spend ________ time in REM when they are learning most rapidly. REM is associated with __________.

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35. Sleep Across the Lifespan

36. Sleep & Aging  The highest proportion of REM is seen ________________________________ ________________________________.  Infants sleep 16 hours a day, about _______% of this is in REM sleep.  5 year olds sleep about ___hours a day, and the total hours of REM sleep matched that of adults.  60 year olds sleep about __ hours a day.

37. Sleep occurs when a specific neural circuit __________________. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.37 If sleep is controlled by chemicals, these chemicals must be produced in the brain and act in the brain. If some cells in the brain are very active they exceed the available supply of glucose, and begin to metabolize ___________ which is supplied by astrocytes. The metabolism of glycogen causes an increase in adenosine. The accumulation of adenosine increases the amount of _______________________________. Adenosine plays a role in sleep regulation.

38. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.38 Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking Neural control of arousal Acetylcholine One of the most important neurotransmitters involved in arousal. Two groups of acetylcholinergic neurons located in the pons and basal forebrain produce activation and cortical ______________ when they are stimulated (wakefulness).

39. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.39 Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking Neural control of arousal Norepinephrine Catecholamine agonists produce arousal and sleeplessness; effects appear to be mediated by the locus coeruleus in the dorsal pons. ____________________ stimulate NE activity. Locus coeruleus A dark color group of noradrenergic cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of the fourth ventricle; involved in arousal and vigilance.

40. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.40 Major noradrenergic neurons active during __________

41. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.41 Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking Neural control of arousal Serotonin (5-HT) Appears to play a role in activating behavior; almost all of the brain’s serotonergic neurons are found in the raphe nucleus. These neurons are located in the medullary and pontine regions of the brain. Raphe nucleus A group of nuclei located in the reticular formation of the medulla, pons, and midbrain, situated along the midline; contains serotonergic neurons.

42. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.42 Major serotonergic neurons active during wakefulness

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44. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.44 Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking Neural control of arousal Histamine A neurotransmitter implicated in the control of wakefulness and arousal; a compound synthesized from histidine, an amino acid. Most ________________cause __________and they do this by blocking histamine receptors. Tuberomammillary nucleus A nucleus in the ventral posterior hypothalamus, just rostral to the mammillary bodies; contains histaminergic neurons involved in cortical activation and behavioral arousal.

45. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.45 Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking Neural control of arousal ______________ A peptide also known as orexin, produced by neurons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus; their destruction causes _____________.

46. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.46 Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking Neural control of slow-wave sleep Ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPA) A group of GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area whose activity _____________alertness and behavioral arousal and promotes ___________. Destruction of this area has been reported to result __________________________________________. Flip-flop on – subject is awake, flip-flop off – subject in slow wave sleep.

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48. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.48 _____state

49. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.49 _____state

50. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.50 Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking As subjects age there is a ____________in the number of ___________receptors, and this may account for the decrement in the amount of time older adults spend in slow wave sleep. Neural control of REM sleep PGO wave (pontine, geniculate, occipital): Bursts of phasic electrical activity originating in the pons, followed by activity in the lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex, a characteristic of REM sleep.

51. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.51 Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking The executive mechanism Neurons in the dorsal pons secrete ACh, and this activation stimulates _____ sleep. Peribrachial area The region around the brachium conjunctivum, located in the dorsolateral pons; contains acetylcholinergic neurons involved in the _____________________.

52. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.52 Ach neurons in peribrachial area

53. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.53 The increase in firing rate of REM-ON cells produces REM sleep

54. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.54 Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking The executive mechanism Medial pontine reticular formation (MPRF) A region that contains neurons involved in the initiation of REM sleep; activated by acetylcholinergic neurons of the peribrachial area. Magnocellular nucleus A nucleus in the medulla; involved in the __________ (____________________) that accompanies REM sleep.

55. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.55 ACh activation stimulates the brain areas responsible for all the components of REM sleep.

56. REM sleep Neurons from the magnocellular nucleus form inhibitory synapses with motor neurons – preventing subjects from ________________. Because our brains keep us paralyzed and inactive, it suggests that __________________of behavior may be important in helping us ________________________________________. The subject does not move except for a few harmless _____________. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.56

57. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.57 REM sleep inhibition is controlled by NE and serotonin

58. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.58 Biological Clocks A ___________ must control the cycles of REM and slow wave sleep. Circadian rhythms and zeitgebers Circadian rhythm (24 – 25 hours) A daily rhythmical change in behavior or physiological process. Zeitgebers A stimulus (usually the light of dawn) that resets the biological clock responsible for circadian rhythms.

59. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.59 Biological Clocks The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) Suprachiasmatic nucleus A nucleus situated atop the optic chiasm. It contains a _______________ responsible for organizing many of the body’s circadian rhythms. ______________ A photopigment present in ganglion cells in the retina whose axons transmit information to the SCN, the thalamus, and the olivary pretectal nuclei. Reset the biological clock.

60. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.60 Suprachiasmic nucleus

61. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.61 Retina ganglion cells containing melanopsin

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64. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.64 Biological Clocks The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) Each neurons in the SCN appears to have its own _______________ Advanced sleep phase syndrome A 4-hour advance in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, apparently caused by a mutation of a gene caused by (per2) involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN.

65. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.65 Biological Clocks The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) Delayed sleep phase syndrome A 4-hour delay in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, apparently caused by a mutation of a gene caused by (per3) involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN.

66. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.66 Biological Clocks Control of seasonal rhythms: The pineal gland and melatonin ________________ A gland attached to the dorsal tectum; produces melatonin and plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms. ______________ A hormone secreted during the night by the pineal body; plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms.

67. Melatonin Melatonin secretion from the pineal gland exhibits a circadian rhythm with peak secretion occurring just _________________. The administration of melatonin just before bedtime helps reduce the adverse effects of jet lag and shift work. It also helps synchronize circadian rhythms _______________________________________. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.67

68. Sleeping Pills  Sleeping pills are one of the major causes of insomnia.  Pills may be ______________.  Pills may prevent normal _________ bouts.  Establishing adequate exercise levels reduces the need for sleeping pills.

69. Current Sleep Medications Ambien – short term insomnia (sedative) Side effects – allergic reactions: difficulty breathing, swelling of the face, lips and tongue. Memory impairments – subjects have no memory of driving, making phone calls or eating. Avoid use if you have a history of kidney disease, liver disease, lung disease, sleep apnea, depression, drug or alcohol addiction. Withdrawal – nausea, anxiety, panic, seizures. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.69

70. Current Sleep Medications Lunesta – bad taste, headache, drowsiness, urinary tract infections, dry mouth, dizziness, heartburn, pain, nausea, accidental injury, breast enlargement (in men), chest pain, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, confusion, strange behavior, heightened aggression, depression, hallucinations. Withdrawal – abnormal dreams, anxiety, sweating, nausea, panic attack, seizures. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.70

71. Sleeping Like a Baby  Good sleep quality requires adequate amounts of _______________.  In older adults - sleep tends to be shallower and more fragmented and the restorative effect of sleep is reduced. This is associated with reduced levels of stage 4 sleep.

72. Establish and Defend Your Sleep Cycle  Learning disorders are associated with irregular sleep patterns.  Behavioral disorders are associated with irregular sleep patterns.  Memory disorders may be associated with irregular sleep patterns (high rates of protein synthesis during REM sleep, and pulses of growth hormone are associated with slow wave sleep).