1. Nawrodt 05/2010 Thermal noise in the monolithic final stage Ronny Nawrodt Matt Abernathy, Nicola Beveridge, Alan Cumming, Liam Cunningham, Giles Hammond, Daniel Heinert, Jim Hough, Iain Martin, Peter Murray, Stuart Reid, Sheila Rowan, Christian Schwarz, Paul Seidel, Marielle van Veggel GWADW2010 Meeting, Kyoto 19/05/2010 Institut für Festkörperphysik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Sonderforschungsbereich Transregio 7 „Gravitationswellenastronomie“ Institute for Gravitational Research, University of Glasgow Einstein Telescope Design Study, WP2 „Suspension“

2. Nawrodt 05/2010 Overview Motivation and demands Thermal noise in suspension elements 3rd generation detectors –Cooling issues –Material selection –Thermal noise Summary #2/19 GWADW2010 Kyoto/Japan

3. Nawrodt 05/2010 GWADW2010 Kyoto/Japan Introduction sensitivity enhancement by a factor of 10 between 1 Hz and 10 kHz seismic suspension radiation pressure photon shot noise thermal noise (test masses) #3/19 [www.et-gw.eu]

4. Nawrodt 05/2010 Demands support the test mass (proper breaking strength) ability to produce (quasi-)monolithic suspension „proper“ dynamics (mode frequencies, mode separation, etc.) low thermal noise –low mechanical loss –„good“ thermal properties (thermo-elastic noise) high thermal conductivity to transport thermal load from test masses into the thermal bath #4/19 GWADW2010 Kyoto/Japan

5. Nawrodt 05/2010 Material selection possible materials are dependent on the test mass material: –fused silica –sapphire –silicon important „boundary condition“: –fabrication of suspension elements (cutting, polish, …) –design and shaping of suspension fibre/ribbons –keep crystalline structure in order to obtain a high thermal conductivity #5/19 GWADW2010 Kyoto/Japan can be bonded by means of catalysis-hydroxide bonding [e.g. van Veggel 2009, Dari 2010]

6. Nawrodt 05/2010 Thermal noise in suspension elements pendulum mode violin mode #6/19 GWADW2010 Kyoto/Japan with and [e.g. Saulson 1992] M , L,  n with Adding internal stiffness of fibre or ribbon leads to more realistic models. [e.g. Gonzalez 2000]

7. Nawrodt 05/2010 Mechanical loss in suspension elements -1- #7/19 GWADW2010 Kyoto/Japan [Gretarsson, Harry 1999] [Cagnoli, Willems 2002]

8. Nawrodt 05/2010 Dilution factor The mechanical loss within a fibre contributes inhomogeneously into the thermal noise calculation. for pendulum energy is stored in grav. potential (loss free) and the elastic potential of the fibre material (bending!) only energy stored in bending is dissipated to a fraction #8/19 GWADW2010 Kyoto/Japan Most of the bending occurs at the suspension point [e.g. Saulson 1992]

9. Nawrodt 05/2010 Mechanical loss in suspension elements -2- #9/19 GWADW2010 Kyoto/Japan Fused SilicaSapphireSilicon thermoelastic (unstressed) bulk Browniansurface total 300 K 20 K all dia. 1 mm

10. Nawrodt 05/2010 Surface loss in silicon suspension elements #10/19 GWADW2010 Kyoto/Japan  s = 0.5 pm Low surface loss in silicon (surface loss parameter ~1 order of magnitude lower than fused silica). [see talk by C. Schwarz]

11. Nawrodt 05/2010 Cancelation of TE loss in silicon cancellation of TE noise due to proper strength in fibre not needed (although possible) for crystalline fibres at low temperatures (TE peak shifts towards high frequencies while cooling – reason: large thermal conductivity) dY/dT < 0 for silicon  compensation possible for <0 (18-125 K) #11/19 GWADW2010 Kyoto/Japan  < 0

12. Nawrodt 05/2010 Cooling issues residual optical absorption causes heating of the test masses heat capacity is very low at cryogenic temperatures (Debye T 3 law)  small absorption causes large temperature change suspension will provide the operational temperature which will also be defined by the mirror material (in case of silicon: <22K) suspension will operate in Casimir regime (phonon mean free path is limited by geometry)  thinner elements will have smaller thermal conductivity thinner elements will have their peak in TE loss at higher frequencies  tradeoff between thermal noise and conductivity #12/19 GWADW2010 Kyoto/Japan

13. Nawrodt 05/2010 Multi-stage design -1- #13/19 GWADW2010 Kyoto/Japan Thermal bath „Universe“ TM 5 m, 300 K  = 10 -4  = 10 -3 1 m, 300 K  = 10 -6 [Majorana, Ogawa 1997, VIR-0015E-09]

14. Nawrodt 05/2010 Multi-stage design -1- #14/19 GWADW2010 Kyoto/Japan Thermal bath „Universe“ TM 5 m 300 K, 20 K  = 10 -4 1 m 300 K, 20 K  = 10 -6 [Majorana, Ogawa 1997, VIR-0015E-09]

15. Nawrodt 05/2010 Multi-stage design -3- #15/19 GWADW2010 Kyoto/Japan Thermal bath „Universe“ TM 5 m  = 10 -4 1 m  = 10 -6 300 K 5 K 20 K [Majorana, Ogawa 1997, VIR-0015E-09]

16. Nawrodt 05/2010 Towards a monolithic design using silicon -1- fabrication: –fabrication of (poly-)crystalline fibres was shown [Pisa group, µ-PD technique] –possible fabrication of ribbon-like structures (thin flexures for measuring coating thermal noise), limitted to wafer diameter (approx. substrate diameter, ~ dia. 500 mm) –possible fabrication of long ribbons/fibres from thinner but long single crystal ingots (fabrication + surface quality currently unclear), length up to several meters possible –use of ribbons might be justified by bonding method to be used for jointing the different parts (natural flat surface for ribbons) #16/19 GWADW2010 Kyoto/Japan

17. Nawrodt 05/2010 Towards a monolithic design using silicon -2- bonding + thermal conductivity: –silicate bonding possible with promising mechanical properties [talk by S. Reid] –initial measurements of the thermal conductivity of the bond by colleagues at Florence show a high thermal conductivity #17/19 GWADW2010 Kyoto/Japan [M. Lorenzini, WP2,3 workshop Jena 03/2010]

18. Nawrodt 05/2010 Shaping the suspension elements Willems et al. 1999 -> TN in non-uniform fibres (neck region) shaping allows a further decrease of thermal noise + tayloring the different mode types (pendulum, suspension, bounce, etc.) #18/19 GWADW2010 Kyoto/Japan [Cumming et al. CQG 26 2009]

19. Nawrodt 05/2010 Conclusion Summary –suspension design algorithm developed for AdvDetectors can be applied to 3rd generation as well –new material properties (cryogenic regime) do not cause problems –multi-stage suspension  weak coupling from upper to lower stages close to resonance –application to possible ET design: see talk tomorrow open questions: –monolithic suspension will be operated in non-thermal equilibrium  impact on thermal noise? –thermal conductivity through bonds needs detailed study –Investigation of direct bonding and lattice mismatch onto thermal conductivity #19/19 GWADW2010 Kyoto/Japan