1. Chapter 21: The Furnace of Civil War 1861-1865

2. Bull Run Ends the “Ninety-Day War” Why did Lincoln decide to attack a Confederate force at Bull Run? Why was Bull Run considered a “military picnic”? How did the Battle of Bull Run affect the South? How did the Battle of Bull Run affect the North? “Tardy George” McClellan and the Peninsula Campaign What were some of George McClellan’s virtues? What were some of George McClellan’s defects? Why wouldn’t McClellan move his troops towards Richmond? What was the Peninsula campaign? Who won the Seven Days Battle and how did it impact the Union? Why was General Lee’s victory impact the Union and Lincoln’s decisions regarding the war? What were the six components of the Union Strategy?

3. The War at Sea What strategy did the North use in relation to their leaky blockade? Why did Britain recognize the blockade? Who were the most successful blockade runners? How did the Northern Navy enforce the blockade? Why didn’t Britain do anything about the doctrine of “ultimate destination”? What was the most alarming threat to the blockade and how did the Union overcome this threat? The Pivotal Point: Antietam Describe the Second Battle of Bull Run. Why did Lee want to strike North in Maryland? What happened at the Battle of Antietam? Why was the Battle of Antietam important? Why did Lincoln wait to issue the Emancipation Proclamation?

4. A Proclamation Without Emancipation What did the Emancipation Proclamation declare? Lincoln actually didn’t free any slaves. How was this possible? How did slaves react to the Emancipation Proclamation? How did the Emancipation Proclamation affect the North and people abroad? How did the Emancipation Proclamation change the Civil War? How did the public react to the Emancipation Proclamation? Who opposed the “abolition war”? How did the South respond to the Emancipation Proclamation? Blacks Battle Bondage How did the Emancipation Proclamation impact African Americans serving in the war? How many African Americans served in the Union army? Why did many former slaves want to participate in the war? How did the south view African Americans fighting for the Union? When did the south enlist African Americans? How did slaves respond to the war?

5. Lee’s Last Lunge at Gettysburg Why was Burnside seen as unfit? What was Lee’s most brilliant battle? Why did Lee want to invade the North again? What was his goal? Why was “Pickett’s charge” called the “high tide of the Confederacy”? Why did the Victory at Gettysburg belong to Lincoln? The War in the West Who was the most able Union general in the West? Why was Grant’s win in Kentucky considered crucial? What happened at the Battle at Shiloh? Why was seizing of New Orleans important for the North? How did the Union “sever the spinal cord of the South”? What was the political significance of the Union wins at Vicksburg and Gettysburg?

6. Sherman Scorches Georgia Why was Grant sent to Chickamauga and how did he open the door for the invasion of Georgia? Who invaded Georgia? Why did Sherman’s “blue bellies” burn cities? What does “Shermanizing” the South mean? Where did Sherman head after Georgia? The Politics of War What was happening within the Republican party that jeopardized Lincoln’s re-election? Who was considered the most dangerous to the Union and why? What were the factions within the Democratic party and what did they believe? Who was Clement Vallandigham and why was he important?

7. The Election of 1864 How did the Republicans deal with the issue of the democratic party in the election of 1864? Why was Lincoln’s nomination encountered with opposition? Why did the Union Party run Andrew Taylor as Vice President? Who did the democratic party nominate and what was their platform? How did the Republicans help ensure that Lincoln would win the election? How did the election of 1864 affect the South? Grant Outlasts Lee Why was Grant called to replace Meade? How did the North respond to Grant’s fighting style? Why was Grant’s reputation undeserved while Lee’s was overrated? Why weren’t the North and South able to come to a compromise in February 1865? How did the Civil War end?

8. The Martyrdom of Lincoln How did Lincoln die? How did the South respond to Lincoln’s death? Why was Lincoln’s death considered a calamity for the South? If Lincoln had lived, why would he have clashed with Congress? The Aftermath of the Nightmare How did the Civil War affect the population of the US? How did the Civil War affect the nation economically? What political issues were determined by the outcome of the Civil War? How was the Civil War the supreme test of American democracy? How did the Civil War impact other countries? How did the Civil War positively impact people in the North and the South?