2. Xerophthalmia, is a Vitamin A deficiency- It is not hereditary- dietary deficiency. However, in a test done with rats, there were some signs that ingesting fat soluble vitamins or the lack of, can have some genetic correlation. Xerophthalmia is a medical condition where the eye fails to produce tears.

3. It is a severe vitamin A deficiency and is described as severe dryness to the conjunctiva and cornea. The Cornea becomes dry and wrinkled. If untreated, can lead to corneal ulcerations. And ultimately blindness

4. Rabbits developed Xerophthalmia on a Vitamin A deficient diet for 4-6 months. 1 st change- lusterless graying of the central corneal epithelium after 16-18 weeks 2 nd change-7-10 days after multiple small erosions on the interpalpebral fissure 3 rd change- 1-2 weeks later keratinized plaque developed 4 th change- cells began to flatten 5 th change- decreased number of microvilli Rabbits are a good model for these studies

5. Usually affects children under the age of 9 in developing countries Accounts for 20,000- 100,000 new cases of childhood blindness in these countries Largely found in Africa and Southern Asia Develops over the course of a few months, as the lacrimal gland stops producing tears. Also, Bitot’s Spots may develop, which are clumps of Keratin debris that build up inside the conjunctiva and leads to night blindness Corneal ulcerations and complete blindness Can also affect those who do not receive the adequate amount of vitamin A.

6. Can be associated with Sjogren' s syndrome- dry mouth and dry eyes. Systemic lupus erythematosus-when tissues attack its own immune system Rheumatoid Arthritis- Severe pain in the joints Scleroderma-disease of the connective tissue, spotting of the skin, spontaneous scarring and bleeding because of overactive immune system. Hypothyroidism-abnormally slow thyroid production All are associated with one another

7. There is no sex preference, only age. Younger children in developing countries Minimum daily intake for vitamin A- Children 1-3 300mcg 4-8 400mcg Males 19-70+ 900mcg Females 19-70+ 700mcg

8. Two types: Symptoms and Deficiency Symptoms: artificial tears, i.e., eye drops, and increase humidity, and wrap around glasses when outdoors Deficiency: Vitamin A multivitamin or supplement Eating foods high in Vitamin A However, treatment for deficiency can only go so long until one may need surgical help. Submandibular gland transfer for severe Xerophthalmia. In a test of seven, six of the seven were successful in achieving revascularization.

12. 1.What is Xerophthalmia? 1.Vitamin A deficiency where the eye fails to produce tears 2.Are there any other treatments besides High intake of Vitamin A? 1.Yes, Submandibular gland transfer 3.Who is most likely to be affected? 1.Children in third world countries

13. Medicine.Net. "Definition of Xerophthalmia." 26 May 2003. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6 040 Paniello, R. C. "Supplemental Content." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, Jan. 2007. Web. 28 Feb. 2012. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/172029 28 Vanhorn, D. L., and W. H. Schutten. "Supplemental Content." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 19 Sept. 1980. Web. 27 Feb. 2012..