1. AP Human Geography Industry - Chapter 11 APHG Spring 2015
Ironbridge, England
World’s first bridge made entirely of cast iron, constructed in late 1700s.
APHG
Spring 2015
llhammon Spring 2014

2. Industrialization
What is it?
Where?
Why?
Why care?

3. Close access to raw materials Ability to move materials (waterway)
What 2 things were needed in order to manufacture products at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution?
Close access to raw materials
Ability to move materials (waterway)
Why big cities like London and Paris?
Is this true today?
Would you add any other factors?

4. Economic Classification
Production / Consumption / Distribution
Sectors
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

5. Industrialization is the process by which economic activities evolved from producing primary goods to factories that mass-produce goods.

6. Britain Industrializes
Wealth became a sign of virtue instead of kinship.
Western European Nations and the US followed Britain

7. The Industrial Revolution
Pre-Industrialization: what did the Revolution change?
People had made goods for thousands of years before IR
things made slowly (low productivity), all by hand
workmen handled all facets of production > different quality goods
guilds created production standards, but prices were high

8. Before the Industrial Revolution
There were industrial centers before the late 18th Century but it was isolated. Most industries were cottage industries. Examples: Chinese Silk Factories Metal Workshops in India

9. The Early 18th Century
Early factories in Great Britain during the 18th Century were run by water running down slopes.

10. The Most Important Invention
In 1769, James Watt built the first efficient steam engine. This was the most important invention to the Industrial Revolution.

12. Assembly Line Production
Henry Ford
Assembly Line Production
Interchangeable parts
Mass Production
Division of Labor

13. New Industrial Concepts
International Division of Labor
Just in Time Production

14. Time-Space Compression
Just-in-time delivery
rather than keeping a large inventory of components or product, companies keep just what they need for short-term production and new parts are shipped quickly when needed.
Two issues can result from reliance on just-in-time delivery: labor unrest and “Acts of God”
• Global division of labor
corporations can draw from labor around the globe for different components of production
This labor can be skilled or unskilled.

15. Current Industrial Patterns
Develop faster / Richer?
Levels of Development
Material condition of people
Everywhere / some level of development

16. Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution
Great Britain
Belgium/France (late 1700s)
The United States (1790s)
Italy, Netherlands, Russia, Sweden (late 1800s)
Asia, Middle East and Africa (Mid 20th Century)
Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution
Most of Europe came late to the party because of revolution and strife (ie. French Revolution, Napoleonic Wars)
The United States entered the IR later than Belgium and France but expanded more rapidly.
The Middle East and Africa entered the IR because of WWI and the need for oil.

17. Picture is of the expansion of industries across Europe
Picture is of the expansion of industries across Europe. Students should be familiar of what this graph represents. I will ask the students what they remember about the expansion from their reading. Students will also be asked about there the major industrial areas popped up along the way.

18. Why do you think that some places were affected by industrialization while others were not?

19. Diffusion to Mainland Europe
In early 1800s, innovations diffused into mainland Europe.
Location criteria:
proximity to coal fields;
Connection via water to a port
Flow of capital
Later Diffusion
In late 1800s, innovations diffused to some regions without coal.
Location criteria:
Access to railroad
Flow of capital

20. Industrial Regions
The world’s major manufacturing regions are found in North America, Europe, and East Asia. Other manufacturing centers are also found elsewhere.

21. Industrial Areas in Europe

22. Industrial Areas in North America

23. Manufacturing Centers in East Asia
Many industries in China are clustered in three centers near the east coast. In Japan, production is clustered along the southeast coast.

24. What is the hearth?
What is diffusing?
What historic patterns can you identify?

25. EXIT SLIP:
1. Why was Great Britain the first country to become industrialized?
2. What changes occurred with the steam engine, new machinery, and the factory system?
MUDDY WATERS…
What idea/concept did you not understand from today’s lesson?

26. Can you predict where a factory should locate?
What is the goal of any factory?
Profit = Price - Costs
Assuming:
Labor cost the same and is available anywhere
There is only one market
Topography is flat
Transportation costs are a direct result of weight
Where would you put a factory?

27. Secondary Industry Primary Industry
Develops as transportation improves.
Less dependent on location
Secondary Industry
Develops around natural resources.
Primary Industry

28. Secondary Industry Locations
Variable Costs
Friction of Distance
Distance Decay

29. Situation Factors Site Factors Transportation Issues
Bulk-Gaining, Bulk Losing
Site Factors
The cost of Land, Labor, and Capital
Climate
Access to Amenities

30. Situation factors Inputs Outputs
Heavy, bulky, fragile – locate near the inputs
Known as Bulk-reducing
EX. Copper, steel, canned tomatoes
Outputs
Heavy, bulky, fragile – locate near market
Bulk-gaining
Beer, glass, concrete

31. Transportation Factors
Methods
Ship (ocean, lake, river)
Very Low cost, very slow, long-distance, non-perishables
Rail
Low cost, slow speed, long/med. Distance
Trucking
High cost, mod to high speed, any dist., very flexible
Air
Very high cost, very high speed, med/long dist.
Pipeline
Very low cost, LIQUIDS!

32. Types of Transportation
Mode of Transportation
Advantages
Disadvantages
Trucks
Can go anywhere there are roads
Fair amounts, large distance, relatively quickly
Weather Delays
Traffic
Fossil Fuels
Maintenance
Trains
Efficient and Cost-effective
Immense amounts long distances
Inflexible routes
Break-of-bulk points needed
Can’t cross oceans
Airplanes
Fastest means
High flexibility
Most expensive
Weather delays
Pipelines
Highly efficient ways to move liquid and gas
Very safe delivery method
Limited to gas and liquid
Expensive to build
Costly to move a pipeline
Ships
Most energy efficient
Slowest method
Need access to waterway
Weather delays and Port costs

33. Site factors Physical characteristics of a place.
Different industries have different needs.
Availability and cost of:
Land (lg areas – Airplane manufacturing)
Power (lots of electricity or fuel – Aluminum)
Labor (unskilled – electronics, skilled – research/dev)
Capital (Money, money, money…money!)
Footloose Industries –
Can locate anywhere (Diamonds, computer chips - YUMM)

34. Location Models Weber’s Model
Manufacturing plants will locate where costs are the least (least cost theory)
Theory:
Least Cost Theory
Costs: Transportation, Labor, Agglomeration
Hotelling’s Model
Location of an industry cannot be understood without reference to other industries of the same kind.
Theory:
Locational interdependence
Losch’s Model
Manufacturing plants choose locations where they can maximize profit.
Theory:
Zone of Profitability

35. Weight Reducing Industry Weight Gaining Industry
Footloose Industry
Weight Gaining Industry
Resource 1
Resource 2
What is this model called?
Weber’s Least Cost Theory (Industrial Location Theory)
MARKET

36. Weber’s Least Cost Theory
Factory Location
Least Cost to the Factory / Company
Assumptions
Cost of Transportation
Weight
Distance
Maximize Profits
Minimize Cost

37. Weber’s Least Cost Theory
Assumptions
Markets are fixed
Labor is fixed
Uniform Landscape
4 Main Drivers
Transportation
Labor
Agglomeration
Deglomeration

38. Weber Key Ideas Friction of Distance: Profit = Price – Costs
The greater the weight the greater the cost
The greater the distance the greater the cost
The greater the time the greater the cost (think veggies!)
Focused on Costs : Variable Costs!
Profit = Price – Costs

39. Hotelling’s Model Locational Interdependence
Variable Revenue:
Maximize Profits not minimize costs!
Profit = Price – Costs
Find the location that provides the best profit …and where other industries are located.
Can you create a Spatial Monopoly?

40. Losch Model(pronounced laesch)
You can look at one point…but maybe a bunch of points will work.
And things can change…replace labor with machines? Increase transport costs but reduce land rent?

41. Time to apply some theories… Using Weber, Hotelling, and Losch…
Where would you sell doughnuts in the morning for OHS? Use the school map provided.

42. What is a Post Industrial World?
Where is it located?
What does it look like?
Core countries still
Sunbelt in US
With Services…what is more important?
Resources
Markets
Why call centers in India?
What is a high tech corridor?
(IL Research and Technology Corridor…Silicon Prairie?)
Tertiary, quaternary, and quintary sectors.
Deindustrialization?
Increasing Mechanization
Multinational Corporations
Post-Fordist Production
Global Division of Labor
Global Production Chain
Can outsource services – Who prepares the food and cleans the place?

43. Why Are Location Factors Changing?
Attraction of new industrial regions
Changing industrial distribution within MDCs
Interregional shift within the United States
Right-to-work laws
Textile production
Interregional shifts in Europe
Convergence shifts
Competitive and employment regions

44. Changing distributions Modern Production
Outsourcing - moving individual steps in the production process (of a good or a service) to a supplier, who focuses their production and offers a cost savings.
Offshore – Outsourced work that is located outside of the country.

45. Deindustrialization
a process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and work through a period of high unemployment
Abandoned street in Liverpool, England, where the population has decreased by one-third since deindustrialization.

46. What is the Service Economy, and Where are Services Concentrated?
Key Question
What is the Service Economy, and Where are Services Concentrated?

47. Service Economy Service Industry
Economic activity associated with the provision of services – such as transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs.

48. Geographical Dimensions of the Service Economy
New influences on Location:
- information technologies
- less tied to energy sources
- market accessibility is more relevant for
some and less relevant for others because of
telecommunications.
- presence of Multinational Corporations

49. Wal-Mart
Requires producers of goods to locate office in the Bentonville, Arkansas (Wal-Mart’s headquarters) area in order to negotiate deals with Wal-Mart.
Proctor & Gamble put their office in nearby Fayetteville, Arkansas.
How does the presence of these companies in the region change the region’s economy and its cultural landscape?

50. Nike
Headquartered in Beaverton, Oregon,. Nike has never produced a shoe in Oregon. Beginning in the 1960s, Nike contracted with an Asian firm to produce its shoes.
Skopje, Macedonia
The swoosh is ubiquitous, but where is the shoe produced?
Nike has a global network of international manufacturing and sales

51. High – Technology Corridors
An area designated by local or state government to benefit from lower taxes and high-technology infrastructure with the goal of providing high-technology jobs to the local population.
eg. Silicon Valley, California
Technopole – an area planned for high technology where agglomeration built on a synergy among technological companies occurs.
eg. Route 128 corridor in Boston