1. Fire Safety

2. Fire
Heat?
Light?
Burning?
Carbon Monoxide
Toxic Smoke
Dark Smoke

3. Fire tetrahedron
Oxygen
Fuel
Heat
Chain reaction

4. Fire triangle
Oxygen
Fuel
Heat 8

5. Oxygen Surrounding air Oxygen tanks/Piped oxygen lines
Oxidizing agents (self-producing) 9

6. Oxygen
AIR
OXIDIZING AGENTS
(SELF-PRODUCING)
COMPRESSED
GASSES 10

7. Fuels
Gases
Liquids
Solids
What really burns? 11

8. Vapors
Vapors

9. Fuels 12

10. Flammable & Combustible liquids
Flammable liquids have a flash point below 100oF
Combustible liquids have a flash point above 100oF
Note: General Industrial Standard

11. Heat sources Open flame Hot surfaces Sparks Arcs (electrical energy)
Arcs (static electricity)
Friction
Sun’s heat
Compressing gases 13

12. Fire tetrahedron
Fire Triangle plus a chain reaction 8

13. Chain reaction 14

14. Chain reaction
All areas of the fire tetrahedron must be present for a fire to start.
Some examples of no chain reaction:
A plug shorting out, producing a spark but not a fire
Using alcohol to cook with (in most cases).
Dropping a cigarette on the counter top and picking it up. 15

15. Spontaneous combustion17

16. Spontaneous combustion
Internal combustion arising with no external energy when all four parts of the tetrahedron are present.
All four parts of the fire tetrahedron might not physically appear to be present.
Heat is still being produced by a chemical reaction. 16

17. Flammable limits 3

18. Thermal transfer Exothermic reaction Conduction Radiant heat Direct
Convection 14

19. Heat transfer
Exothermic
reaction 15

20. Heat transfer
1st FIRE
2nd FIRE
Conduction 16

21. Heat transfer
Radiant 17

22. Heat transfer
EXIT
DIRECT 18

23. Heat transfer
Convection 19

24. Thermal layering 1300 o F Ceiling HIGH HEAT Breathing MEDIUM HEAT
LOW HEAT
MEDIUM HEAT
HIGH HEAT
Breathing
Zone
1300 o F
600 o F
90 o F
Floor
Ceiling 20

25. Fire phases Incipient The beginning phase of a fire.
In this phase, there is no need for special clothing, breathing apparatus, or evasive action. 21

26. Fire phases Steady state (free burning)
The phase of the fire in which both oxygen and fuel are available and the fire is spreading.
Hot gases and heated air are moving to the upper portions of the building, and the fire is approximately 1300oF. 22

27. Fire phases
Rollover
The process in which the super-heated vapors and gases reach their ignition point and start burning. 23

28. Fire phases
Flashover
The phase of fire when everything in an area or room has reached a temperature that gives off vapors.
All these vapors ignite at once. 24

29. Fire phases
Backdraft
When oxygen is reintroduced (either naturally or through improper ventilation) to the hot smoldering phase, all items ignite at once, causing an explosion. 26

30. Fire phases Hot smoldering
In this phase, the oxygen level has fallen to about 15%.
This causes the visible flames to go out and the materials to smolder.
This is usually a precondition to backdraft. 25

31. Extinguishing fires Removing fuel
Another method for extinguishing a fire is to remove the source fuel. 28

32. Extinguishing fires Cooling
Using water to absorb the heat of the fire, bringing the fire below its ignition point. 27

33. Extinguishing fires Removing oxygen
Can be accomplished through the use of another gas, such as CO2. 29

34. Sprinkler heads 8

35. A SINGLE SPRINKLER
HEAD BEING ACTIVATED
FOR A SMALL FIRE 9

36. MORE THAN ONE
SPRINKLER HEAD
BEING ACTIVATED
FOR A LARGE FIRE 10

37. Fire classes
Combustible
Material 7

38. Fire classes
Liquids 8

39. Fire classes Live Electrical Circuits
NOTE: After the electricity is disconnected,
the class changes to Class A.
Live Electrical Circuits 12

40. Fire classes
Metals 13

41. Fire extinguisher ratings
Class A Combustibles
Class B Liquids
Class C Live Electrical circuits
Class D Metal 3

42. Fire fighting
Should I do this or even try? ? ? ? ? 4

43. How to put a fire out P Pull the safety pin.
A Aim the hose or horn at the base of the fire.
S Squeeze the carrying handle and the discharge handle together.
S Sweep the nozzle from side to side. 8

44. PULL
AIM
SQUEEZE
SWEEP P A S 9

45. Priorities in emergency response
Self-protection
Coworker health and safety
Aiding injured coworkers/protecting patients
Prevention of property damage 21

46. When a fire happens Alarm Help patients in immediate danger.
Pull Station
Code “Red” Room ###”
Help patients in immediate danger.
Contain as much as possible.
Evacuate if necessary. 22

47. Elements of 29 CFR 1910.38 Means of egress
Emergency escape procedures and emergency escape route assignments
Procedures to be followed by employees who remain to operate critical plant operations before they evacuate 24

48. Pre-planning for emergencies19

49. Elements of 29 CFR
The preferred means of reporting fires and other emergencies
Names or regular job titles of persons or departments who can be contacted for further information or explanation of duties under the plan 26