1. Chapter 16 Atypical Sexual Behavior

2. What Constitutes Atypical Sexual Behavior?
Paraphilia: uncommon sexual expression
Classified as noncoercive vs. coercive paraphilias
Behaviors represent extremes on a continuum
More males reported and prosecuted
Clustering of paraphilias
Unconventional behavior may alienate others leading to difficulty in establishing relationships

3. Non-Coercive Paraphilias Fetishism
Sexual arousal primarily from body part or inanimate object
Symbolic transformation
Rarely harmful to others

4. Non-Coercive Paraphilias Transvestic Fetishism
Sexual arousal from wearing clothes of other sex
As a diagnostic category, term is applied only to heterosexual men
Rarely harmful to others

5. Non-Coercive Paraphilias Sexual Sadism and Sexual Masochism
Sadism: sexual arousal from giving physical or psychological pain
Masochism: sexual arousal from receiving pain / bondage
Difficult to label because some behaviors common
Might provide escape from rigid everyday lives

6. Other Non-Coercive Paraphilias
Autoerotic asphyxia: reducing blood supply to the brain during heightened sexual arousal
Klismaphilia: receiving enemas
Coprophilia: contact with feces
Urophilia: contact with urine (“golden showers”)

7. Coercive Paraphilias Exhibitionism
Exposing genitals to an involuntary observer
Some offenders commit more serious crimes
Suggested response
Calmly ignore it
Leave immediately
Report to authorities ASAP

8. Coercive Paraphilias Obscene Phone Calls
Sexual arousal from response to call
Usually a shy, insecure male
Suggested response
Gently hang up, ignore re-call
Screen calls, call tracing
Report and ask for new number

9. Coercive Paraphilias Voyeurism
Sexual arousal from observing others undressing or engaging in sexual activity, without their consent
Offenders often feel inadequate and lack sociosexual skills
Tend to be young men in 20s
More likely to observe strangers than acquaintances

10. Other Coercive Paraphilias
Frotteurism: rubbing against unwilling victim
Zoophilia: sex with animals
Necrophilia: viewing or having intercourse with corpse

11. Sexual Addiction Carnes’ Cycle of Addiction
Preoccupation
Ritualistic behavior
Sexual activity
Despair
Criticisms
Rare, and lacks distinction from other compulsive behaviors
Negates individual responsibility

12. Sexual Addiction Coleman’s Sexual Compulsion Cycle
Shame and inadequacy
Indulging in quick fix
Brief respite
Compounded feelings of shame and inadequacy
Impact of Internet on compulsive sexual behavior

13. Chapter 17 Sexual Coercion

14. Types of Rape
Stranger rape
Acquaintance rape
Date rape
Statutory rape

15. Prevalence of Rape 1 in 6 women, 3% of men
Underreported for many reasons
Victim’s self-blame or denial
Mistrust of police, legal system
Fear of retaliation from rapist
Concern about publicity

16. Incidence of Rape by Sex of Victim
Caption: Lifetime Incidence of Rape by Sex of Victim

17. False Beliefs About Rape
“Women can’t be raped if they don’t want to be”
“Women say no when they mean yes”
“Many women ‘cry rape’”
“All women want to be raped”
“Rapists are obviously mentally ill”
“Men can’t control their sexual urges”

18. Psychosocial Basis of Rape
Rape frequency influenced by the nature of relations between the sexes
Status of women
Boy’s attitudes during developmental years
Rape-prone societies
Societies with no rape
Stereotyped gender roles
Peer group acceptance

19. Psychosocial Basis of Rape Impact of Media
Heightens acceptance of sexual violence
Heightens likelihood of coercive sex
Physiologic findings inconsistent

20. Characteristics of Rapists
Embrace male-dominance
Anger toward women
Alcohol may contribute
Self-centered, less sensitive
History of progressively more violent sexual offenses

21. Characteristics of Female Rape Victims
50% under age of 18
Cultural differences in reporting
Low SES may confer greater risk
Victims of childhood sexual abuse at increased risk for adult sexual revictimization

22. Age Breakdown of Women Rape Victims
Caption: Age breakdown of women rape victims at time of first rape.

23. Acquaintance Rape Role of Perceptions and Communication
Occur in 3 out of 4 rapes
Sexual scripts
Misinterpretations and double messages
Nonverbal communication
Justification

24. Date Rape Drugs
Rohyphnol: (roofies) sedative causing muscle relaxation and amnesia
Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB): central nervous system depressant
Ketamine hydrochloride (Special K): central nervous system depressant

25. Wartime Rape U.N. 1996 Declaration: crime of war
Motivated by attempts to dominate, humiliate, control
Destroy familial and societal bonds
Terrorize population

26. Aftermath of Rape
Initial feelings of shame, anger, fear, guilt, powerlessness
Self-blame
Physical symptoms frequently occur
Impaired sexual functioning
PTSD, distress developed after trauma
Less severe repercussions if counseling begun ASAP

27. Rape and Sexual Assault of Males
Although vast majority of sexual assault victims are women, men are also targets of rape
Men less likely than women to report rape
Gay men, prison inmates, and prisoners of war more likely to be raped

28. Sexual Abuse of Children
Sexual contact with a child is always coercive because children cannot give informed consent
Child-sexual abuse: adult sexual contact with a child
Incest: with a relative
Pedophilia or molestation: with a non- relative

29. Sexual Abuse of Children
Prevalence
Girls 20-33%
Boys %
Brother-sister and first cousin incest is most common
Father-daughter reported more and has greater negative impact

30. Characteristics of Child Sexual Abusers
Mostly heterosexual males
Cover spectrum of social classes, religions, ethnicity and education
Often times are lonely, shy
Poor interpersonal skills
Alcoholism; severe marital problems; sexual difficulties; and poor emotional adjustment

31. Sexual Abuse of Children Recovered Memories
Many abuse victims do not remember documented abuse
Controversy: Are memories planted by therapists?

32. Sexual Abuse of Children Pedophiles in Cyberspace
The Internet provides increased opportunities to take advantage of children
First, gain child’s trust; then, try to arrange a meeting
2009: Child Online Protection Act
Prevention

33. Effects of Child Sexual Abuse
Often affects intimate adult relations
Low self esteem, PTSD, detrimental parenting practices
Sex difference
Variety of treatment programs

34. Preventing Child Sexual Abuse
Present prevention-oriented material at young age
Explain “Okay” and “Not Okay” touches to children
Encourage children to believe they have rights
Encourage communication be immediate when in uncomfortable situations
Discuss strategies for getting away from uncomfortable situations

35. Sexual Harassment
Unwanted sexual attention in the workplace or academic setting
Prohibited by Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act
Two types: verbal or physical
Quid pro quo
Hostile or offensive environment

36. Sexual Harassment Severity Levels
Mild
-Sexual or sexist remarks
-Unwelcome intrusion
Intermediate
-Graphic comments
Severe
-Requiring sexual services

37. Same-Sex Sexual Harassment
Recent increase in same-sex sexual harassment claims
Difficult to pursue legally
Federal law narrowly interpreted as between men and women

38. Sexual Harassment Effects on the Victim
Financial loss
Psychological reactions
Physical symptoms
Personal relationships

39. Dealing with Sexual Harassment
If assaulted, file criminal charges
If not assaulted, confront harasser
Discuss with supervisor
Discuss appropriately with coworkers
File official complaint or lawsuit

40. Sexual Harassment in Academic Settings
Coercion focuses on grades, letters of recommendation, work, or research opportunities
Many colleges and universities ban professor-student romances
Incidence
20-40% undergraduate women; 9-29% men undergraduate
30-50% graduate women

41. Chapter 18 Sex For Sale

42. Defining Pornography
Written, visual, or spoken material depicting sexual activity or genital exposure; intended to arouse
Categories of pornography
Degrading pornography; violent pornography
Straight, gay, and lesbian pornography
Child pornography

43. Pornography vs. Erotica
Depictions of sexuality which display mutuality, respect, affection, and balance of power
Can be soft- or hard-core
More common with women’s involvement in production of sexually explicit materials

44. Pornography Historical Overview
Prehistoric cave drawings depict sexual activity
Emergence of Christianity; restrictive attitudes toward sexuality
Comstock Act
Publication of print material, movies, etc.
Internet
Free speech versus censorship

45. What Constitutes Obscenity? U.S. Supreme Court Criteria
Appeals to prurient interest in sex
Patently offensive to contemporary community standards
Without serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value

46. Pornography Freedom of Speech Versus Censorship
1970: Commission on Obscenity and Pornography recommended repeal of all adult pornography laws
1986: Meese Commission recommended vigorous prosecution of obscenity

47. Sexually Explicit Materials: Helpful or Harmful?
Helpful: sexual stimulation without risk of pregnancy or STI; provides fantasy material; can even out differences in frequency of interest between partners
Hurtful: less satisfied with physical appeal and sexual performance of partners; Internet pornography
Portrayal of sexuality: stresses male penile performance; perpetuates gender role stereotypes

48. Prostitution Exchange of money for sexual services
Long history of prostitution; tolerated and even valued
Sex workers
The Internet and sex workers

49. Prostitution and Sex Work Why Women and Men Become Sex Workers
Primarily economic
Combination of psychological, social, and environmental factors
Homelessness, traumatic childhood
Can be a matter of personal choice and sense of power and control

50. Personal Costs of Sex Work
Physical and mental health problems due to violence, chronic stress, and STIs
2/3 meet diagnostic criteria for PTSD

51. Prostitution and the Law
Reasons for Criminalization
Reduces number of prostitutes
Easier to enforce restrictions
Regulates public morality
Reasons against Criminalization
Effective restriction is difficult
Encourages organized crime
Hampers rehabilitation
Discrimination in enforcement