2. Contents  The Feminist Movement  Employment  Objectification  Gender Roles  Intersectionality What? and Why?

3. Introduction  GENDER IS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT  Both genders are equal  “Different but equal”  Identical  Differences:  Biological  Socialised

4. The Feminist MovementThe Feminist Movement  First wave:  De jure/mandated inequalities  Second wave:  De facto/non-official inequalities  Third wave:  Post-structural  Deconstruction of gender

5. Employment – What?Employment – What?  Pay gap  Vertical segregation  Positions of management  Horizontal segregation  Types of career  Perception of colleagues

6. Employment – Why?Employment – Why?  Maternity (genuine costs + excuse)  Lack of role models  ‘Old boys club’  Similarity bias  Gender roles  Socialised behaviour

7. Employment - SolutionsEmployment - Solutions  Quotas for boards  Incentives to work  Tax breaks  Subsidies in education  State sponsored childcare  Educational focus

8. Objectification – What?Objectification – What? 1.instrumentality: the treatment of a person as a tool for the objectifier's purposes; 2.denial of autonomy: the treatment of a person as lacking in autonomy and self-determination; 3.inertness: the treatment of a person as lacking in agency, and perhaps also in activity; 4.fungibility: the treatment of a person as interchangeable with other objects; 5.violability: the treatment of a person as lacking in boundary-integrity; 6.ownership: the treatment of a person as something that is owned by another (can be bought or sold); 7.denial of subjectivity: the treatment of a person as something whose experiences and feelings (if any) need not be taken into account. 8.reduction to body: the treatment of a person as identified with their body, or body parts; 9.reduction to appearance: the treatment of a person primarily in terms of how they look, or how they appear to the senses; 10.silencing: the treatment of a person as if they are silent, lacking the capacity to speak.

9. Objectification – What?Objectification – What?  Pornography  Advertising  Individual interactions  Sexualisation of girls and women  Narratives about women

10. Objectification – Why?Objectification – Why?  Harms of pornography:  Coercive  Violent  Deprecating  Rape culture  Paedophilia and abusive relationships  Value of women  By men and women

11. Gender Roles – What?Gender Roles – What?  Personality  Career  Parenting  Component of:  Employment problems  Objectification  Basically everything

12. Gender Roles – Why?Gender Roles – Why?  Self-actualisation  Benefits to society  Family division of labour  Harmful effects of above  Other groups affected by defined genders:  Men  Transgender people  LGBTQIA

13. Gender Roles – Solution?Gender Roles – Solution?  Education  Up-bringing  Positive Discrimination  Education

14. Intersectionality  Interactions with other minority identities:  Sexuality  Ethnicity  Class  Religion

15. BUT IT AFFECTS MEN TOO…  …Who cares?